山东大学2020年春季综合英语精读3 B参考资料
综合英语精读3ⅠBASIC KNOWLEDGE TEST
PART ONE: Match the words with their explanations.
( )1queue Aworking plan
( )2alienate Btrying very hard to do something
( )3scheme Ca line of people waiting
( )4endeavor Dto make sb. unfriendly
( )5distract Egreat tiredness
( )6fatigue Fto make one’s mind off something
( )7commodity G to make something very small
( )8miniaturize Hsomething sold for profits
( )9predictable Ito cause to become unchanged
( )10stabilize Jthat can be seen in advance
ⅡREADING
PART ONE (Questions 1-7)
• Read these sentences and the job advertisements.
• Which advertisement does each sentence (1~ 7) describe?
• For each sentence mark one letter (A, B, C or D).
Example
This advertisement promises to give you a full training if you are successful applicant.
Answer D
()1. If you have much knowledge in computer science, you will have an advantage over other candidate in the field of sales service.
()2. In this job, you are required to have a good skill at typing and a good education and the ability to work independently as well.
()3. You have to set aside some time in the afternoon in order to take this job.
()4. You must have the ability to arrange some copies in order of importance.
()5. You have to work in replacement of other people during holidays or their sickness.
()6. You should be adapt yourself to some changing situations and be quite skillful at computer and communication.
()7. You have to be quite familiar with the people in this area so that you will be able to arrange holiday cover and replacement for those people in register.
A Delivery Agents Required
We are currently restructuring the delivery service to the carriers and are looking for two part time sector agents. The candidate will be responsible for delivering the Evening Post to all the carriers in a specific area six days a week between the hours of 2 p. m. and 3. 45 p. m.
You will also be responsible for finding replacement carriers, holiday cover when carriers are away and ensuring every Evening Post is delivered every night in your area.
B Sales Support Team
We are looking for someone to work full time in a busy sales office. The successful applicant will take up a variety of clerical tasks related to providing a professional, quality support service to our Sales Force and Retail .Customers. You must have a good general education, keyboard skills? a responsible and flexible attitude to working under pressure and the ability to communicate, confidently. Computer literacy would be an advantage.
C Junior Administrator
The Evening Bost & Press, one of the largest producers in the South West has a vacancy in the Copy Input Department.
The successful applicant will be required to collate and prioritize copy received -from our advertising department, the ability to it would also be an advantage, you should have had a good general education, and the ability to work -both as part, of a team and on their own initiative.
D Editorial Copy-takers
Our local Evening News is looking for copy-takers to input reviews, sports tables, letters etc. We need one person to work 15 hours during the week and another to work five hours every Sunday. You must be a fast and efficient computer-literate touch typist. You may also be required to cover for holidays and sickness. Full training will be given.
PART TWO (Questions 8—12, 5×2= 10 points)
• Read this part of the article on the discussion of China’s entry to, WTO and its effects.
• Choose the best sentence to fill each, of the gaps.
• For each gap 8 ~12 mark one letter A~G.
• Do not mark any letter twice.
It is difficult to overstate how the reforms since 1978 have improved the life of the average citizen in China. According to China’s Office on Poverty Alleviation and Development, well over 100 million individuals have risen out of destitution and now live above the official poverty line (set at annual per capita income below ¥640, which equals $77). At present, 42 million Chinese still live below the poverty line. example. In addition to helping alleviate poverty, the economic reforms in China have brought overall gains as well as the gains per, capital income for both urban and rural residents suggest. While there is some question on the veracity of data.
The overall quality of life for the average citizen in China has improved dramatically since the reform in 1978. Citizens now have access to better services in crucial areas such as health care and education.8The 'better lives that citizens in China now lead is a direct result of the decision by China’s leadership in 1978 to pursue the path of economic reform in a more marked-oriented-direction.
•Despite the overall importance of the domestic economy in determining China's economic future, there still are two reasons why China's entry to the WTO will help its citizens lead better lives.9 .As noted above, government officials in China report that roughly 20% of the increase in GDP during the 1990's is attributable to growth in exports.
Stilly exports in some key sectors' such as textiles and other labor-intensive sectors would expands; Overall, in light of' long-term dynamic effects, the Chinese government predicts that China's entry to the WTO would increase its GDP by ¥95. 5 billion ($ 23. 64 billion), or 1. 5 percent by 2005. And while acknowledging that some 10 million jobs will be lost in
agriculture, auto and machinery sectors ..10 . Chinese firms will also face a more stable export environment, one less subject to anti-dumping and special safeguard provisions. The country will be able to enjoy stabile multilateral prefer initial trade polices in a rules-based market.
11 .As noted above, China's transition to a market-oriented economy is not complete and elements of centralized planning remain. And it is quite clear that despite the impressive gains, China has made economically over the past 20 years, many intractable problems remain, such as the restructuring of state-owned enterprises half of which are losing money.
China' s industrial landscape is littered with "empty-shell enterprises" and state officials routinely argue that some 30% of the workforce in SOEs is superfluous.
ChinnswerDa's banking system is in precarious position as well, given declining capital adequacy and the continued reliance of the state-banking system on policy-based lending as opposed to examination of market criteria. To a large extent these economic problems reflect the inherent difficulty of trying to recover from 30 years of horribly misguided economic policies. 12 ..
Example Answer D
A. Millions more now have electricity (and consequently, refrigeration) and telephone service as well.
B. The second and more important reason that China' s entry to the WTO will help China' s citizenry is that it will strengthen the hand of pro-reform elements in the government.
C. The best way out of this economic dilemma, however, is for China to continue to strengthen its reform effort, not to restrict.
D. Much work, of course, remains to be done in this regard.
E. First, as China's largest export market after Hong Kong, the United States plays a primary role in enriching Chinese companies, primarily non-state-owned entities.
F. Surprisingly, many international companies now spend a lot of money on training.
G. Chinese economists predict that WTO membership will create 12 million jobs in other sectors such as textiles, toys,and footwear.
PART THREE (Questions 13-18)
• Look at the article below: about Market Entry Strategies and questions over the page
• Each question has four suggested; answers or ways of finishing the sentence, A, B,C and D.
• Mark one letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet, for the answer you choose.
The firm’s capabilities? its knowledge of foreign markets, and. its experience marketing abroad are the basis for selecting the proper mode in which to enter a market. There are several basic entry strategies: exporting, franchising, licensing and direct investment. Each strategy can be carried out with a Variety of options, which may include a combination of more than one strategy.
The first and least complicated option that firm can choose for going abroad is exporting. By exporting, the manufacturing facilities at home could be fully utilized. Often, in, a saturated home market, where over capacity causes inefficiency, through exporting the firm can utilize the excess capacity, thereby improving its cost position. While exporting does not require manufacturing operations abroad, it involves significant marketing effort and expenditure. Through exporting, firms can learn about international markets and. gain experience in dealing with foreign customers. Of course, to succeed by exporting into a market, the product has to suit the prospective consumers’ tastes and preferences.
Exporting can-be either direct or indirect, through another domestic firm: that acts as an export agent; In direct exporting, the firm sells its; product directly through a sales representative or agent to foreign customers. Direct exporting allows greater control over the marketing function and the development of marketing expertise. Firms that export directly provide all of the services needed for exporting, such as legal investigation and financial tracking, transportation, distribution channels, and promotion campaigns. Indirect exporting takes place. through a domestic agent; who acts an intermediary between the firm and the foreign ..customers and earns commission in the process. Indirect export could also take place through; an export management company or trading company.
Licensing is an agreement between two firms for the exchange of something of value-for a payment.
The licensing contract may. cover the right to use patents, trademarks, copyrights, blueprints, process or production technologies, and other properties. It allows and obligates the licensee to produce a product or service for the local market. Licensing enables the Multinational Company(MNC) to supply a foreign market from local production, alleviating the cost of exporting.
Franchising is one form of licensing, Franchising can be defined as a form of marketing or distribution whereby a parent company grants another firm the right to do business in a prescribed manner for a period of time. The franchising agreement could be for the selling of a parent company's product, the use of its mane, its, trademark or, its architecture, and the adoption of its methods of production or marketing. In; a survey of American franchising firms, they found their motivations for expanding to overseas markets were very similar to those leading firms toward licensing. Above all, franchising firms were motivated by a desire to take advantage of markets with great potential.
Direct investment is an alternative market entry strategy for firms with sufficient resources. While the costs of direct investment are higher than other entry alternatives, it provides a better control for the execution of corporate strategies. The firm may decide to enter a market through a 100 percent owned business or to share the ownership with other, investors in joint venture. In a full ownership firm, the firm may establish a foreign subsidiary, acquire an existing firm in the host country, or merge with a host business. While in the past, developing countries imposed ownership restrictions on MNCs (Multinational Corporations), many of them are following a more liberal position today. Most countries now allow MNCs full equity ownership of foreign subsidiaries. While complete ownership allows for greater control and flexibility, it is subject to a higher level of political risk. Sharing a minority equity with host country investors has certain advantages.
()13. In the first paragraph the writer mentions several basic entry strategies:
A. importing, exporting, market mix, and leasing
B. different cultures, managerial leadership and franchising
C. licensing and franchising, exporting, direct investment
D. exporting, licensing; and franchising and market research
()14. According to the writer, market entry strategies
A. can be carried out with only one of the strategies.
B. can be carried out with a combination of more than one strategy.
C. can be carried out in a single and special way.
D. can be carried out with a variety of; knowledge and experience.
()15. By using the strategy of exporting,
A. the saturated foreign market will be fully utilized.
B. firms can learn about international markets and gain expenditure cost.
C. the transportation costs are to be saved.
D. manufacturing facilities at home could be made full use of them.
()16. In the third paragraph, we can learn that
A. exporting can be done through direct or indirect ways.
B. indirect exporting allows greater control over the marketing functions.
C. the United States was the major exporting center after the Second World War.
D. there are no import barriers in a market.
()17. In the fourth paragraph, the writer mainly discusses about
A. the advantages and disadvantages of licensing.
B. the advantages and disadvantages of franchising.
C. the general ideas of licensing.
D. the benefit that the manufacturing operations can get.
()18. In the last two paragraphs, we can draw a conclusion that
A, sharing the ownership with host country investors, you may be in a more favorable position.
B. franchising has a lot of advantages and economies of scale.
C. like licensing, a franchising company usually has more active involvement in business.
D. only the problems and disadvantages of managing a foreign subsidiary are discussed.
PART FOUR (Questions 19-33)
• Read this article on the purpose of economic activity.
• Choose the best word to fill each gap.
• For each Question (19--33) write one letter (A, B, C, or D).
One of the main problems that any society faces is that it cannot satisfy all the wants of its members. These wants are example and yet there are limited resources 19to the society to provide the various goods and20There is not an endless supply of the factors of production: capital, 21 , land and labor are all scarce resources, which means that society has to make a series of22
There are a number of key questions that the society must ask itself:
What to produce
In many cases, the price 23will help to decide what is produced and what is not produced; or the 24might take a more important role in saying what is or what is not provided. This is covered in25 later in the unit.
To produce goods and services, the four factors of production should be 26 in the most 27 way possible. To lower the costs of production, for example, a firm may decide to 28new capital equipment in place of a number of employees (i. e. automation). Decisions such as these, which may increase the firm’s29 , can lead to inefficient use of the factors of production in the30generally, e. g. through the creation of a large pool of unemployed labor.
Where to produce
The availability and, .situation of the factors o£, production-such as the availability of _31_. building land and of a suitably skilled workforce—will be a32influence in deciding where firms produce their goods and services. Governments often use regional policy to influence where new firms are 33, for example by awarding grants to encourage firms to set up production in certain regions of the country.
Example
A. limited B. unlimited C. gathered D. restricted
Answer B
()19. A. valid B. various C. available D. violent
()20. A. offers B. services C. interests D. charges
()21. A. to entertain B. enterprise C. event D. events
()22. A. choices B. alternatives C. problems D. troubles
()23. A. machinery B. systems C. mechanic D. mechanism
()24. A. forces B. unit C. group D. government
()25. A specification B. content C. detail D. dimension
()26. A.combined B. contained C. included D. confined
()27. A.specific B. influence C. efficient D. effective
()28. A.substitute B. replaced C. constitute D. get
()29. A.efficiency B. effect C. impact D. result
()30. A.economic B. economy C. economical D. economics
()31. A.deals B. inconstant C. inexpensive D . luxurious
()32. A.marketable B. missing C. main D. major
()33. A.set for B. furnish C. establish. D. established
Ⅲ WRITING
• Read this letter of complaint together with the manager's note.
Dear Sir or Madam:
We duly received the 100 computer desks and 600 sets of medical instruments ordered from you, but through inspection, we regret to find that the sides of nearly every desk are badly scratched and some sets of medical instruments terribly rusty.
The damage appears to have been caused by improper packing and inspection before, dispatch, so we request you inform us as soon as possible of what steps you are going to take in the way of compensation for the damage.
We look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Wilson Brown
Note:
Record shows that the components left in perfect conditions and were carefully packed. According to our representative in Mr. Brown' s area, the goods were unloaded with hooks in spite of the warning on the packages, but we can offer to re-spray the desks and replace the rusty parts of the medical instruments.
Manager :Christopher Hall
• Write a letter (120 --140 words), replying to Mr. Brown on behalf of manager Hall.
• Use the information in the letter from Mr. Brown, together with Mr. Hall’s note.
Write on your answer sheet.
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