大工20春《专业英语(计算机英语)》复习资料 (13)
专业英语(计算机英语)辅导资料五主 题：第5章 Operating System学习时间：2020年4月27日--5月3日
“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题理论学习：
每周文摘：坚持党的领导，最根本的是坚持答案权威和集中统一领导。党章规定“四个服从”，最根本的是全党各个组织和全体党员服从党的全国代表大会和中央委员会；答案强调“四个意识”，最根本的是坚决维护答案权威和集中统一领导。这都不是空洞的口号，不能只停留在表态上，要落实到行动上。
摘选自《在十九届中央纪律检查委员会第二次全体会议上的讲话》
内 容：
本周我们将学习课件第5章Operating System。希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对本章相关知识点的理解。
重点掌握内容：
1．重点：了解操作系统是如何实现资源分配和用户接口功能的，掌握Function and structure of Operating System。
2．难点：掌握操作系统的基本概念、掌握被动语态的翻译技巧、掌握被动语态的翻译技巧。
课程任务：
熟读全文，参照译文理解全文大意。学习本节的补充知识并灵活运用。完成课后习题。一、New Words & Expressions:
OS (Operating System) 操作系统
binding n. 捆绑
mutual interference 相互干扰
interface 界面，接口
facilitate vt. 推动, 帮助，促进
allocation 分配, 安置
entrust v.委托
criteria n.标准
constraint n. 约束, 强制, 局促
embody 具体表达, 使具体化
privilege n. 特权； vt. 给予...特权
partition vt.分区
approach n. 方法, 途径
a priori 预先,事前
perceive v.感知, 感到, 认识到
preemption 抢占，先买权
suboptimal a.未达最佳标准的
entry n. 条目，登录
sequential a. 顺序的,串行的
exclusive use 专用
concurrent a.并发的, 并行的
de-allocate vt. 释放
scheduling n.调度
salient features (显著的，突出的)特征, 特色
scheduler 调度程序
initiate vt. vi. 开始, 发动
evolution 演化，发展
inherent a.固有的, 内在的, 与生俱来的
execute vt.执行, 实行, 完成
Pascal 〈计〉PASCAL语言
compilation 编辑, 汇编 [计]编译
bat abbr.[计] 批处理文件的扩展名
script 脚本,UNIX(命令)过程二、被动语态的翻译技巧
1、英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语
在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用“加以”, “经过”, “用…来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。
例1： Other questions will be discussed briefly.(加以…)
其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2：In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extractedby digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
换言之,存在于地球上的矿物，必须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得。
2、将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)做主语。
例：It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
3、将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 而英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。
例：And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
4、翻译成汉语的无主句
例：Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。
5、翻译成带表语的主动句
例：The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。 三、补充知识
1. Two Basic Types of Software
Software, also called a program, is the series of computer language coded instructions that tells the computer how to perform tasks. There are two basic types of software: system software and application software.
①System software is a subclass of software. It consists of a collection of programs that control the operations of a computer and its devices. It serves as the interface between the user and the computer hardware.
②Application software is another subclass of software. It consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. Application software can be divided into two categories: general-purpose applications and special-purpose applications.
要点提示：软件又称为程序，是一系列指令的集合，可分为系统软件和应用软件。系统软件是用户和计算机硬件设备之间的接口，由操作系统、实用程序、设备驱动程序和语言翻译器组成。应用软件用于完成用户特定任务，分为一般性服务的应用软件和特殊性服务的应用软件。
2. Operation System
OS stands for operating system. It is the main software that coordinates computer resources, provides an interface between users and the computer, and runs applications in a safe, efficient and abstract way.
要点提示：操作系统是计算机的主要软件，它协调计算机系统各硬件和软件资源，提供用户和计算机之间的接口，并且确保应用软件以安全、有效和抽象方式运行。
3. Device Drivers
A device driver often called a driver for short, is a specially written program, which understands the operation of the device it interfaces with, such as a printer, video card, sound card, modem, adapter or CD ROM drive.
要点提示：设备驱动程序是使计算机和设备通信的特殊程序，相当于硬件的接口，操作系统通过这个接口，控制硬件设备工作，而不是直接去访问硬件设备。设备驱动程序需在新设备使用前安装。四、本节例题
（一）完型填空
Basically, a firewall is a1process or a set of integrated processes that runs on a router or2to control the flow of networked application traffic3through it. Typically, firewalls are placed on the entry point to a4network such as the Internet. They could be considered traffic cops. The firewall's5is to ensure that all communication between an organization's network and the Internet conform to the organization's security policies.
1、A. dependent
B. isolated
C. related
D. standalone 2、A. browser
B. client
C. repeater
D. server
3、A. pass
B. passed
C. passing
D. passes
4、A. local
B. national
C. private
D. public
5、A. mole
B. pole
C. role
D. rule
答案：1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C五、课后习题
（一）翻译
1、CuteFTP is a Windows based File Transfer Protocol (FTP) client that allows users to utilize the capabilities of FTP without having to know all the details of the protocol itself. CuteFTP simplifies FTP by offering a user-friendly Windows interface instead of a cumbersome command line utility. CuteFTP gives novice PC users the ability to upload, download and edit files on remote FTP servers around the world.
答案：
CuteFTP是一种基于Windows的文件传输协议客户程序，它允许用户利用FTP的功能而不必了解协议的详细内容。CuteFTP提供了用户友好的Windows界面，而不是麻烦的命令行实用工具，从而简化了FTP的使用。CuteFTP给PC初学者提供了上传、下载和编辑世界各地远程服务器上文件的能力。2、Once attached to a host program, the viruses then look for other programs to "infect". In this way, the virus can spread quickly throughout a hard disk or an entire organization when it infects a LAN or a multi-user system. At some point, determined by how the virus was programmed the virus attacks.
答案：
病毒程序一旦附加到一个主程序上，就开始寻找其他可以进行“感染”的程序。这样，如果病毒感染了一个局域网或者一个多用户系统，那么它就在整个硬盘或整个组织内迅速扩散。只有在某个点上病毒程序才会发作。转载注明 无忧答案网
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