大工20春《专业英语(计算机英语)》复习资料 (14)
专业英语(计算机英语)辅导资料一主 题：第1章 History and future of computers学习时间：2020年3月31日--4月5日
“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题理论学习：
每周文摘：信仰、信念、信心，任何时候都至关重要。小到一个人、一个集体，大到一个政党、一个民族、一个国家，只要有信仰、信念、信心，就会愈挫愈奋、愈战愈勇，否则就会不战自败、不打自垮。无论过去、现在还是将来，对马克思主义的信仰，对中国特色社会主义的信念，对实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的信心，都是指引和支撑中国人民站起来、富起来、强起来的强大精神力量。
摘选自《在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上的讲话》、习近平《论全面深化改革》
内 容：
本周我们将学习第1章History and future of computers。希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对本章相关知识点的理解。
重点掌握内容：
1．重点：Describing the features of computers of each generation
2．难点：科技英语的特点，科技英语翻译要点。
课程任务：
熟读全文，掌握重点内容及补充知识，完成课后习题。一、New Words & Expressions:
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
computerlike a. 计算机似的
electromechanical a. 机电的, 电机的
vacuum tubes 真空管
Census Bureau 人口普查局
thousands of 成千上万的
known as 通常所说的，以……著称
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 电子数字积分计算机，ENIAC计算机
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延迟存储电子自动计算机
BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer)二进制自动计算机
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)通用自动计算机
1.2 Computer Generations
result in 导致, 造成……结果
air conditioning 空气调节
take delivery of 正式接过
Navy lieutenant 海军上尉
high-level language 高级语言
mainframe 大型机
more and more 越来越多的
range from …to… 从…到…
multiprogramming 多道程序设计
time-share 分时，时间共享
virtual memory 虚拟内存
from scratch 从头开始
compatible a. 兼容的
compatibility n. 兼容性
outnumber vt. 数目超过，比…多
proliferate v. 增生,扩散
component n. 器件
evolve v. 进化，进展
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 超大规模集成电路
LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 大规模集成电路
DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) 美国数字设备公司
COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) 面向商业的通用语言二、重点语句解析
1、It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers.
很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从20世纪30年代到40年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。
2、But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today.
但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。
3、These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose.
这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序, 而且是通用的。
4、One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, stored-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory.
第一个类似计算机的装置之一是1941年由德国的Konrad Zuse研制的，叫做Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器是机械的。
5、Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic.
另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德.艾坎在IBM的资助下于1943年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器Mark I,或简称哈佛Mark I。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机,因为它们不完全是电子化的。
6、Perhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania.
也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机，或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。
7、The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes.
该项目于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。
8、The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set.
ENIAC是当时重要的成就。它是第一台通用型电子计算机器，并能够执行每秒数千次运算。然而,它是由开关和继电器控制的，必须手工设定。
9、Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer .
因此，虽然它是一个通用型电子装置，但是它没有储存程序。 因此,它不具备计算机的所有特征。
10、While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer.
在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入到Eckert和Mauchly团队，他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机， 或简称EDVAC，是第一部其设计包括了计算机所有特征的机器。
11、It was not completed, however, until 1951. Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England.
然而, 直到1951年，它才得以完成。在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些机器造好了，它们吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和Neuman的EDVAC设计要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟存储自动计算机，或简称EDSAC。
12、First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component. Vacuum tubes are bulky and produce a lot of heat, so first-generation computers were large and required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool. In addition, because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast, these computers were relatively slow.
第一代计算机的特色是使用真空管为其主要电子器件。真空管体积大且发热严重,因此第一代计算机体积庞大，并且需要大量的空调设备保持冷却。此外, 因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。
13、The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer in this generation. As noted earlier, it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951. It was also the first computer to be used in a business application. In 1954, General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing.
UNIVAC I是第一代中最早的商业化计算机。如前所述，它在1951年被用于人口普查局。它还是第一部用于商业应用的计算机。在1954年,通用电气接收了UNIVAC I，并用它进行一些商业数据处理。
14、In the second generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948, the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959. Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat.
在第二代计算机中，晶体管取代了真空管。虽然发明于1948年,但第一台全晶体管计算机直到1959年才成为现实(投入使用)。晶体管比真空管体积小、价格低，而且运行快而发热少。
15、The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computers. An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon (a chip) containing numerous transistors.
作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片(芯片)。
16、The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip.
第四代计算机比其他三代更难以定义。这一代计算机的特征是一个芯片上包含越来越多的晶体管。三、本节例题
（一）单选题
1、( ) stands for Central Processing Unit. It performs the system's calculating and processing.
A. Computer
B. CPU
C. Input device
D. Output device
答案：B
2、A ( ) is an electronic device that operates under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, which can according to specified rules, produce results,and store the results for future use.
A. computer
B. transistor
C. chip
D. circuit
答案：A四、思考题
（一）单选题
1、( ) refers to the physical equipment that can perform the basic functions contained within the data processing cycle.
A. Software
B. Hardware
C. Memory
D. CPU
答案：B
2、A ( ) is the primary input device. It is used for entering letters, numbers and commands into the system.
A. RAM
B. keyboard
C. output devices
D. memory
答案：B
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