大工20春《专业英语(计算机英语)》复习资料 (2)
专业英语(计算机英语)辅导资料三主 题：第3章 Number Systems and Boolean Algebra学习时间：2020年4月13日--4月19日
“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题理论学习：
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摘选自《在“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育工作会议上的讲话》
内 容：
本周我们将学习第3章 Number Systems and Boolean Algebra。希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对本章相关知识点的理解。
重点掌握内容：
1．重点：Concepts of Number System and their conversion、科技英语中数学公式的读法。
2．难点：数制（计数系统）的基本概念和各种数制之间的转换。
课程任务：
熟读全文，参照译文理解全文大意，掌握补充知识，完成课后习题。一、New Words & Expressions
hexadecimal a.十六进制的
radix n.根, 基数
octal a.八进制的; n.八进制
alphabet n.字母表
fractional a.分数的, 小数的
whole number n.整数
remainder n.余数
significant figure n.有效数字
quotient n.商
algorithm n.算法
complement n. 补码，余角
carry n.进位 二、Digits
1、Before numbers are converted from one number base to another, the digits of a number system must be understood. Early in our education, we learned that a decimal, or base 10, number was constructed with 10 digits: 0 through 9.
将数从—种数制向另一种数制转换之前，必须了解数的计数系统。在早期教育中，我们已学习了十进制数，或以10为基的数，它由0到9这 10个数字组成。
2、The first digit in any numbering system is always a zero. For example, a base 8 (octal) number contains 8 digits: 0 through 7; a base 2 (binary) number contains 2 digits: 0 and 1.
任何计数系统的第一个数字总是零。例如，以8为基的数(八进制)包含8个数字：0到7，而以2为基的数(二进制)包含2个数字：0和 l。
3、If the base of a number exceeds 10, the additional digits use the letters of the alphabet, beginning with an A. For example, a base 12 number contains 12 digits: 0 through 9, followed by A for 10 and B for 11, Note that a base 10 number does not contain a 10 digit, just as a base 8 number does not contain an 8 digit.
如果基数大于10，其余数字用从A开始的字母表示，例如，以12为基的数包含12个数字，0到9，之后用A代表10，B代表11。注意，以10为基的数不包含数字10，如同以8为基的数不包括数字8一样。三、补充知识
1、System Unit
A computer includes a set of devices used for inputting, processing, outputting, storage and communications. Most of these components reside in the system unit.
要点提示：系统单元包括中央处理器、内存条、各类扩展卡、端口和连接器。为保护系统单元中的电子元件不受到损害，通常用类似箱子的机箱将其装入以进行保护。
2、The Central Processing Unit
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is sometimes referred to as the central processor, microprocessor or just processor. In a microcomputer system, the CPU is the heart of the computer, It interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer, and works hand in hand with other circuits known as main memory and registers to carry out processing.
要点提示：中央处理器是计算机的核心部分，完成系统的计算和处理功能。它由控制单元和算术逻辑单元组成。
3、RAM
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is the main location for holding programs and data that the CPU is presently processing. RAM operates like a chalkboard that is constantly being written on, then written on again. It is the onboard memory that the CPU uses in order to store information temporarily. RAM is volatile because everything in RAM is lost as soon as the computer is turned off.
要点提示：RAM是保存CPU正在执行的数据、指令和信息，它是暂时的或易失性的存储区域，断电后信息会丢失。
4、ROM
ROM is stands for Read Only Memory, it is the computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written on a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read. ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile.
要点提示：ROM中存储的是固定的信息，这些信息通常被预先写入，使用时只能读出已存入的信息，而不能对信息进行修改，它是非易失性存储区域，断电后信息不会丢失。
5、Secondary Storage
Secondary storage, also called storage, auxiliary storage, permanent storage, or mass storage, holds data, instructions and information when they are not being used in the main memory of the computer. It provides additional storage separate from memory.
要点提示：辅助存储器又称为存储器、辅存，用于存储计算机当前不使用的数据、指令和信息。它能提供独立于内存的额外存储空间。该存储器适用于大量数据的存储需要，并满足关机后数据的保存。
6、Input Devices
Input devices are the peripherals that allow users to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer and transform them into a suitable form for processing. The input devices may vary depending on the user's particular application and requirements. Commonly, there are three categories of input devices: keyboards, pointing devices and source-data entry devices.
要点提示：输入设备是一种计算机外围设备。它允许用户将数据、程序、指令以及用户的响应输入计算机，并将输入内容用适当的形式进行传输，以便于处理。通常有三种类型的输入设备，键盘、指针设备和源数据输入设备。
7、Ports
A port is the interface, or point of attachment, to the system unit. Ports have different types of connectors, which are used to join a cable to a device. Most computers have three types of ports: serial, parallel, and USB.
要点提示：端口是系统的接口或附着点。端口有不同类型的连接点，用于连接电缆和设备。三种常见的端口为串行端口、并行端口和通用串行总线。
8、Buses
A bus, also known as data bus or bus line, connects the parts of the CPU to each other. It also links the CPU to various other components on the system board. A bus is a data roadway along which bits travel.
要点提示：总线又叫数据总线，是一种能传输信号的电缆。四、本节例题
（一）翻译，英译汉
The World Wide Web is the most popular part of the Internet by far. Once you spend time on the Web, you will begin to feel like there is no limit to what you can discover. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video.
答案：
到目前为止，万维网是因特网最受欢迎的部分。一旦花费时间在Web上，你就会感觉到你能发掘无穷无尽的内容。Web允许以丰富、多样的方式进行通信，可以显示文本、图片、动画、照片、声音和视频。网关是进入其他网络的一个网点。五、思考题
（一）英文写作，介绍RAM和ROM的区别，字数在80~100之间。
写作参考：
Have you ever heard the terms RAM and ROM? These two terms sound very similar but they are quite different. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM chips will remember what you tell them. RAM can even change to remember new information. But, when the computer is turned off, RAM forgets everything you told it. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is good at remembering, but cannot change its mind. It holds information that is built into it. ROM is like reading a library book—lots of information is there, but you can't change it.转载注明 无忧答案网
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