大工20春《专业英语(计算机英语)》复习资料 (3)
专业英语(计算机英语)辅导资料十主 题：课件第9章 The World Wide Web学习时间：2020年6月1日--6月7日
“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题理论学习：
每周文摘：“我们既要绿水青山，也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山，不要金山银山，而且绿水青山就是金山银山。”要按照绿色发展理念，树立大局观、长远观、整体观，坚持保护优先，坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，把生态文明建设融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程，建设美丽中国，努力开创社会主义生态文明新时代。
摘选自《习近平总书记系列重要讲话读本》
内 容：
本周我们将学习课件第9章The World Wide Web的第3、4节。希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对本章相关知识点的理解。
重点掌握内容：
1．重点：理解万维网(World Wide Web)的工作原理；能够描述Internet和万维网的特征及其服务。
2．难点：了解学术论文写作的有关知识。
课程任务：
1. 背诵本文中出现的新单词、词组，理解其含义。
2. 完成课后阅读。一、重点知识讲解
1、Web Servers And Clients
(1) You already know that a server is a computer attached to a network that stores files, controls peripheral devices, interfaces with the outside world—including the Internet—and does some processing for other computers on the network.
你已经知道服务器是一台联接到网络的计算机，用于储存文件、控制外设、与外界——包括因特网接口，且为网络上的其他计算机进行一些处理。
(2) But what is a Web server? Web server software refers to the software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client machines on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request.
但什么是Web服务器？ Web服务器软件是一种使计算机能够向网上客户机传递HTML网页的软件，而客户机通过发出HTTP请求申请这种服务。
(3) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)—This protocol allows users to transfer files to and from the server. Some sites limit file uploads to the Web server, while others restrict downloads, depending on the user’s identity.
文件传输协议(FTP)——这个协议允许用户向服务器传输或接收文件。根据使用者的身份不同，一些网站限制文件上传到网络服务器，而其他网站限制下载。
(4) Security services—These consist mainly of authentication services that verify that the person trying to access the site is authorized（授权, 批准 ） to do so.
安全服务——主要由认证服务组成，确认试图对网站进行访问的人是经过授权的。
(5) Search engine—Just as search engine sites enable users to search the entire Web for particular documents, search engine modules within the basic Web server software package enable indexing of the site’s Web pages and content, and permit easy keyword searching of the site’s content.
搜索引擎——正如搜索引擎网站使用户能够为特殊的文件搜寻整个万维网。基本的Web服务器软件包中的搜寻引擎模块，允许对网站的网页和内容进行索引，并允许对网站内容进行简单的关键词搜索。
(6) Data capture—Web servers are also helpful at monitoring site traffic, capturing information on who has visited a site, how long the user stayed there, the date and time of each visit, and which specific pages on the server were accessed.
数据捕获—网络服务器还有助于监测网站访问量，捕获有关谁访问某个网站、用户在那里停留多久、每次访问的日期和时间、和服务器上哪个特定网页被访问等信息。2、Web Browsers
(1) The primary purpose of Web browsers is to display Web pages, but browsers also have added features, such as e-mail and newsgroups (an online discussion group or forum).
网络浏览器的主要目的是显示网页，但浏览器还有更多的功能, 例如电子邮件和新闻讨论组(在线讨论组或论坛)。
(2) The primary purpose of Web browsers is to display Web pages, but browsers also have added features, such as e-mail and newsgroups (an online discussion group or forum).
网络浏览器的主要目的是显示网页，但浏览器还有更多的功能, 例如电子邮件和新闻讨论组(在线讨论组或论坛)。
(3) Currently 94% of Web users use either Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator, but recently some new browsers have been developed that are beginning to attract attention.
目前，94%的网络用户使用Internet Explorer或Netscape Navigator浏览器，但是最近已开发出的一些新浏览器开始吸引人们的注意力。
(4) The browser Opera is becoming very popular because of its speed—it is currently the world’s fastest browser—and because it is much smaller than existing browsers (it can almost fit on a single diskette).
Opera浏览器因为速度优势开始变得非常流行——它是目前世界上最快的浏览器，而且它比现有浏览器小得多(它几乎可以装在一张软盘上)。二、Virtual Private Networks
1. New Words:
Vistual Private Network (VPN) 虚拟专用网
individual n. 个人
mobile user 移动用户
medium-sized 中等规模
dial-access 拨号访问
affordable a.可负担得起的
Internet service providr (ISP) 因特网服务提供者
Password-protect 密码保护
take advantage of 利用
2. Notes:
(1) accomplish ( v )
~ succeed in doing ( sth ) ; complete successfully; achieve
完成（某事物）；做成功；实现
e.g. accomplish one’s aim, a task
达到目的，完成任务；
a man who will never accomplish anyting
永远一事无成的人。
(idm 习语) an accomplished fact ~ thing that has been done and 既成事实
is no longer worth arguing about because it cannot be changed.
(2) dedicated ( adj )
devoted to sth;
献身于某事物的；专心致志的
e.g. a dedicated worker,priest, teacher,etc
有献身精神的工作者，牧师，教师等。
（用作定语）(esp. of computer equipment ) designed for one particular purpose only (尤指 计算机设备)为某特殊目的而设计的，主用的。
e.g. a dedicated word processor
专门的文字处理机。
(3) take advantage of sth/sb
~ (a) make use of sth well, properly,etc 充分利用。
e.g. They took full advantage of the hotell’s facilities.
他们充分利用旅馆的设备。
~ (b) make use of sb/sth unfairly or deceitfully to get what one wants;
exploit sb/sth
（为达到个人目的而不正当地或不老实地）利用某人或某事。
e.g. She took advantage of my generosity.
他利用了我的慷慨。
He’s using his charm to try to take advantage of her.
他用魅力企图占她的便宜。
(4) “…be costly to build and manage.”建设与管理费用太高。
(5) “connect with …through”：通过……与……连接起来。
(6) “at the price of a local call”：以本地电话费。
L2TP (dial-access VPN protocol)：拨号访问 VPN协议
LAC： L2TP访问集中器
LNS：L2TP网络服务器三、Reading Materials:
Ethemet-A Brief History
The original Ethemet was developed as an experimental coaxial cable network in the 1970s by Xerox Corporation to operate with a data rate of 3 Mbps using a carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) protocol for LANs with sporadic but occasionally heavy traffic requirements. Success with that project attracted early attention and led to the 1980 joint development of the 10-Mbps Ethemet Version 1.0 specification by the three-company consortium: Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Xerox Corporation.
The original IEEE 802.3 standard was based on, and was very similar to, the Ethernet Version 1.0 specification. The draft standard was approved by the 802.3 working group in 1983 and was subsequently published as an official standard in 1985 (ANSI/IEEE Std. 802.3-1985). Since then, a number of supplements to the standard have been defined to take advantage of improvements in the technologies and to support additional network media and higher data rate capabilities, plus several new optional network access control features.
Notes:
Ethemet: 以太网
coaxial cable:同轴电缆
sporadic:零星的
CSMA/CD：带有冲突检测的载波侦听多路存取Router
The router inspects the packer’s IP address and performs a route table lookup to see if the destination end station resides on the local (physically connected) network, typically called an IP subnet. An IP subnet usually is assigned to each of the router/’s network interfaces.
If the destination IP address is local, the router searches an internal store of IP addresses and local-device Media Access Control(MAC) addresses. This store is known as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache. ARP is the universal tool for matching IP addresses to MAC addresses. If the destination’s MAC address appears, the router installs that MAC address in the packet header (removing its own MAC address because that\’s no longer needed) and sends the packet to the destination end station.
Notes:
router: 路由器
subnet:子网
universal: 通用的
ARP:地址解析协议四、本节例题
（一）翻译
1、C++ can be viewed as a traditional procedural language with some additional constructs. Beginning with C, some constructs are added for object oriented programming and some for improved procedural syntax. A well written C++ program will reflect elements of both object oriented programming style and classic procedural programming.
参考译文：
C++被看作在传统过程语言的基础上补充了一些结构。以C语言为基础，有些结构是为了面向对象的程序设计而添加的，有些则是为了改进过程语法。一个好的C++程序应考虑面向对象的程序设计风格和古典的过程程序设计这两个方面。
2、eBusiness is the arena where the latest information technologies, business process improvement and training converge with a genuine potential to create both iterative and breakthrough results. This is particularly true in China, where company needs in these areas can be quite intense.
参考译文：
电子商务是最新的信息技术的大舞台，它使商务过程改进和培训能聚集起真正的潜能，从而产生既可重复又具突破性的结果。尤其在中国，各类公司对该领域的需求十分强烈。
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