吉大13春《新视野英语（二）》第十章复习资料
吉大13春《新视野英语（二）》第十章复习资料主要知识点掌握程度
本章内容分为两个个部分，通过两篇篇文章的学习，我们要了解这一章中涉及的单词和词组、词语搭配和从句的用法、写作技巧和有关和本单元有关的背景知识；除此之外，在第二部分还会有实战练习，即阅读技巧的讲解，能够让大家在学到一些基础知识的基础上，掌握阅读技巧，以便更有效的完成对所需阅读文章的掌握和理解。
知识点整理
一、Pre-reading Activities
Answer the following questions with your own experiences.
1、Why was the Nazi air force repeatedly bombing London?
2、Discuss some ways the people of England coped with the suffering of this time.
3、Do you think the English people considered giving up? Why didn’t they?
Answer to the Questions:
1、Because Hitler wanted to conquer the world. When he was at last convinced that the English did not intended to give in, he began bombing repeatedly.
2、England suffered a heavy pounding from Nazi bombers, but the people responded by bravely helping one another and prevailed against the attacks.
3、No. Because they had the English Channel as a barrier against the Nazi ground forces, and they had the Royal Air Force(RAF) to battle the Nazis in the sky.
Background Information
1、World War II, also called the Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939-1945. The principal parties were the Axis powers(轴心国) - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and the Allies(同盟国) - France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war was in many respects a continuation of the conflicts left unsettled by World War I. The 40-50 million deaths in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict as well as the largest war in history.
2、Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) made media history beginning in the late 1920s. William Paley put money into the Columbia Broadcasting System, which was then a small, struggling radio network, in 1928. In 1974 it adopted the name CBS, Inc. In 1995 CBS, Inc. was bought by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which changed the name in 1997 to the CBS Corporation. The main offices are in New York City.
3、Royal Air Force (RAF) is the youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, the first-line strength of the RAF in the United Kingdom was about 2,000 airplanes. The RAF fighter pilots, however, distinguished themselves during the Battle of Britain in the early stages of the war against the many more German Luftwaffe.
4、The Allied Nations — The main countries involved in World War II were the Axis powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and the Allies (the Allied Nations) - France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war ended with the victory being won by the allied nations in 1945.
二、Section A
Language Points
1、night after night
every night 一夜又一夜地，连夜地
她每天晚上到电影院去，总是看《音乐之声》。
She went to the cinema night after night, always see "The Sound of Music".
2survival
n.
1） state of continuing to live or exist; surviving 幸存，残存适者生存
the survival of the fittest
医生告诉我妻子说我有50%的机会活下来。
The doctors told my wife that I had a 50/50 chance of survival.
2） a person, thing, custom, belief, etc. that has survived from an earlier time残存的人（物、风俗、信仰）
那种时装是20世纪80年代的遗风
That fashion is a survival from the 1980s.
3、flame
n. burning gas (from sth. on fire) which usually produces a yellow light火焰，火舌
在这样一个寒冷的日子，炉子上的火焰真让人感到舒服。
The flames of the fire were comforting on such a cold day.
干旱了这么长的时间，森林任何时候都可能起火。
It's been dry for so long that the forest could burst into flames at any moment.
4、His voice had a tone of sorrow for the suffering of that ancient city, and a tone of confidence, too —— a feeling of belief that London would be there, no matter what it had to endure. (Para.2)
Meaning: His voice showed, on one hand, his sorrow for what London was suffering; on the other hand, people could also hear confidence in his voice that London would stand in spite of everything and continue to exist.
sorrow
n.
feeling of sadness caused by loss, disappointment, regret, or grief悲伤，悲哀，悔恨
她简直难以承受这失夫之痛。
The sorrow she felt over the death of her husband was almost too much to bear.
a particular cause of sorrow 悲伤的原因，不幸
她早年的伤心已为晚年的快乐所取代。
The sorrows of her earlier years gave way to joy in later life.
ancient
a.
1）of or from a long time ago; having lasted for a very long time 古代的，古旧的
这座古城在战争中被彻底炸毁了。
The ancient city was bombed out during the war.
人们自古以来就居住在这个山谷里。
People have lived in this valley since ancient times.
2）very old老的
看到年轻一代人的行为方式，我感到自己太守旧了。
I feel pretty ancient when I see how the younger generation acts.
You'd never think he was a wealthy man --he drives around in a really ancient car.
你怎么也想不到他曾经也是个有钱人--他现在开的那辆车实在是老掉牙了。
no matter what whatever不论什么
不论他说什么，都不要相信他。
Don't trust him, no matter what he says.
不管发生什么，我们也要准时赶到机场。
We have to get to the airport on time, no matter what happens.
endure v. bear (pain, suffering, etc.) calmly for a long time 经受，忍受，容忍
我们不得不在机场忍受航班9个小时的延误。
We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.
他因政治信仰遭受了三年监禁。
He endured three years in prison for his political beliefs.
5、raid
n.
1） a sudden surprise attack by armed forces 突袭，袭击
我们对敌人发起了突袭。
We made a raid on the enemy.
2） a sudden surprise attack in order to steal or do harm
（为偷袭或伤害别人而进行的）突袭，抢劫
在这次银行抢劫案中有一名警卫被杀害了。
A security guard was killed in the bank raid.
两名抢劫犯凌晨对西街的一家饭店进行了抢劫。
Two robbers staged a dawn raid on a restaurant in Western Street.
vt. make a raid on … 突袭，袭击
这些战士袭击了敌人营地。
The soldiers raided the enemy camp.
深夜邮局遭到了袭击。
The post office was raided late at night.
6、cast
vt.
1） put, cause or direct (a look, thought , feeling or opinion)投射（目光），将（思想、感情）加于
她的到来给晚会投下了不愉快的阴影。
Her arrival cast a shadow over the party.
2）throw with force 投，掷，抛
他将钩鱼线抛到了河的中央。
He cast the line to the middle of the river.
n.
1） all the actors in a play, etc. （影、剧）全体演员
在最后一次演出以后，导演为全体演员举行了一个晚会。
After the final performance, the director held a party for the cast.
2） an act of throwing
投，掷，抛
渔夫又撒了一次网。
The fisherman made another cast with the fishing net.
7、cliff
n. a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast 悬崖，（尤指海边的）峭壁
我们沿着峭壁边缘走了几英里。
We walked along the cliff edge for a couple of miles.
别太走近悬崖的边缘--小心掉下去。
Don't go too close to the edge of the cliff--you might fall.
8、invade
v.
1）enter (a country or territory) with armed forces in order to attack, damage or occupy侵略（一国或领土），侵犯
亚历山大大帝率大军入侵印度。
Alexander the Great invaded India with a large army.
部队在边境附近的集结表明入侵已是今后几天的事了。
Gatherings of armed forces near the border looked like they planned to invade within the next few days.
2）enter (a place or situation in which you are not wanted or not expected to be) 闯入，侵扰
名人们常常发现其个人隐私受到新闻界的侵犯。
Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press.
摩托车的噪声惊扰了夏日午后的宁静。
The motorbikes invaded the calm of the summer afternoon.
9、drive sb. / sth. off
defeat or beat back (an enemy or an attack) 击退, 赶走
这支部队艰苦作战、伤亡惨重，最后击退了敌人。
The army drove off the enemy with much effort and loss of life.
他们声称已经击退了敌方的一支主力。
They claimed that they had driven off a major force.
10、Air Marshal Goering’s bomber pilots were sure of their ultimate triumph over England. (Para.4)
Meaning: German pilots under Air Marshal Goering were sure that they would defeat England finally.
be sure of sth.
certain to receive, win, etc. sth. 确信会获得，赢得
我把钱投在那儿一定能获利吗？
Can I be sure of a profit if I put my money there?
11、surrender
v.
1）give up or give in to the power (esp. of an enemy), as a sign of defeat 投降，自首；屈服（于）
他们宁死不降。
They would rather die than surrender.
他陷入绝望，终于自杀。
He surrendered to despair and finally killed himself.
2）give sth. to sb. else because you have been forced to do so or because it is necessary to do so交出，放弃
双方都不愿放弃自己的要求。
Neither side is willing to surrender any of their claims.
他们把枪支交给了警察。
They surrendered their guns to the police.
12、royal
a. (in the service) of a king or queen 王室的，皇家的
该法律尚未得到御准。
The law has not yet received the royal approval.
英国皇家鸟类保护协会
the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
13、The hardships of London really started in the first week of September, when Hitler was at last convinced that the English did not intend to give in. On September 7, 1940, nearly four hundred German bombers hammered the city with bombs … (Para.6)
Meaning: In the first week of September, Hitler was finally made to believe that the English didn’t have any intention to surrender. At that point, the real hardships of London began with almost 400 German bombers attacking the city severely on September 7, 1940.
hammer:
1) v. hit or beat (sth.) (with a hammer)
我希望他们别再敲了。
I wish they would stop hammering.
把钉子钉进墙里。
Hammer the nails into the wall.
2) n. 榔头, 锤子
那座古宅将于下星期拍卖。
The old house will come under the hammer next week.
14、in the full light of day 大白天，光天化日之下
他在光天化日之下被抢劫了，就在一条熙熙攘攘的街道上。
He was robbed in broad daylight, in a crowded street.
小偷们在大白天撬开车偷走了收音机。
Thieves had broken into the car in broad daylight and stolen the radio.
15、boast: v. (of / about / that) talk proudly
这位年轻人正在向女孩们吹嘘自己富有的家庭。
The young man is boasting of (or: about) his rich family to the girls.
他自夸是这一地区最好的画家。
He boasts of being the best painter in this area.
比尔自夸是网球赛中的常胜将军。
Bill boasted that he was always the prize-winner in tennis match.
16、historic:
a. important in history; of the times whose history has been recorded 历史上有名的，有历史意义的
a historic event / speech / place 历史上著名的事件 / 演说 / 地方
historical:
a. belonging to history (contrasted with stories or tales) , having to do with history (This is a new word in Passage B.) 历史上的，有关历史的
a historical event / person 历史事件 / 历史人物 (真实的、非虚构的)
a historical novel / play 历史小说 / 历史剧 (内容与历史上的人物或事件有关)
historical studies历史研究
17、Radar sirens wailed, … (Para.7)
Meaning: Radar sirens made long, high-pitched, and harsh sounds ,…
siren
n. a device for making a loud warning noise 汽笛，警报器
在大城市里老是能听到警笛声。
In big cities you hear police sirens all the time.
半夜响起了警报，警告人们将有空袭。
The siren went off in the middle of the night to warn that there was going to be an air attack.
wail
v. make a long, high cry, usu. because of pain or sadness; make a sound similar to that of a person wailing嚎啕；发出尖叫声
妇女们围拢在一起，开始嚎啕大哭。
The women gathered around and began to wail.
那女孩大声哭了起来，因为她的脚伤着了。
The child was wailing loudly because she had hurt her foot.
18、agony
n. (a state or feeling of) unbearable physical or mental pain or suffering 极大的痛苦
在炸弹爆炸中受伤的人们躺在那里，痛苦地嚎啕着。
The people who had been hurt in the bomb explosion lay wailing in agony.
她在努力着作出决定，内心十分痛苦。
She was in agony trying to make a decision.
9、carry on
continue doing sth. 继续
我不在时，你继续干你的工作。
Carry on the work while I'm away.
虽然困难重重，但我会把这个工作干下去。
I shall try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.
20、crash
n. (usu. sing.) (loud noise made by a) violent fall, blow or break 坠落（声），打击或破裂（所发的响声）
花瓶砰的一声掉在了地板上。
The flower bottle landed on the floor with a crash.
v.
1） make a sudden loud noise发出巨响
门哗啦一声开了，之前什么也没觉察到。
Without warning, the door crashed open.
2）have an accident, esp. one which damages a vehicle (使)猛撞，（使）撞毁
飞机坠毁在山坡上。
The plane crashed into the mountainside.
她弟弟借了她的摩托车，却把它撞坏了。
Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it.
21、spit
v. send (liquid or sth. else) out from the mouth 吐（痰）；吐（口水等）
他嘴部挨打后吐出了鲜血。
He was spitting blood after being hit in the mouth.
在许多国家当众吐痰被认为是粗野无礼的行为。
In many countries it is considered rude to spit in public.
男孩们在比赛谁的唾沫吐得远。
The boys were competing to see how far they could spit.
n. 口水，唾液
她在布上吐了一点唾沫来擦净镜子。
She used a little spit on a cloth to wipe the mirror clean.
22、bump
v.
1）travel, usu. in a vehicle, in an uncomfortable way because the surface one is moving over is rough 颠簸而行
那辆旧公共汽车在山路上颠簸行驶。
The old bus bumped along the mountain road.
2）hit (sth.) with force, esp. accidentally 碰撞
在黑暗中我撞到一把椅子上。
In the dark I bumped into a chair.
n. a blow, knock or hit 碰撞
她从自行车上摔下来时头被撞了一下，所幸没有受伤。
She got a bump on the head when she fell off her bicycle, but thankfully she wasn't hurt.
飞机着陆的时候，乘客们都感觉到猛烈的撞击。
The passengers felt a violent bump as the plane landed.
23、commute
vi. travel regularly a long distance between one‘s work and one’s home, esp. by train 因上班而经常来往于两地，通勤
她因上班而每日往返于牛津与伦敦之间。
She commutes from Oxford to London every day.
the trip made in commuting 通勤来往，上下班路程
上班路上要花一个小时。
It's an hour's commute to work.
commuter
n. a person who commutes
往返于两地的人
五点钟的火车总是挤满了往返两地上下班的人。
The five o'clock train is always packed with commuters.
有人建议通勤者合用车辆，并让彼此搭顺路车。
It has been suggested that commuters should share their cars and give each other lifts.
24、bring under control manage to control over 控制，使就范
几个小时以后火势才得到控制。
It was several hours before the fire was brought under control.
我将派一个有经验的老师去负责那个班，使孩子们规矩起来。
I shall put an experienced teacher in charge of that class, to bring the children under control.
25、dairy
n. a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese and butter are made; a shop which supplies milk and milk products 牛奶场，乳品店
野营时, 我们从附近的牛奶场购买牛奶。
While we were camping we bought our milk from a nearby dairy farm.
这个地区惟一的牛奶供应商是靠近圣彼得堡的一家大型牛奶公司。
The single supplier of milk for the region was a giant dairy near St. Petersburg.
26、take in bring in 把（某物）拿进来
下雨了，把洗好的衣服拿进来！
Take the washing in, it's raining!
所有的信开封以后，拿进去给主任。
When the letters have all been opened, take them in to the director.
27、rage:
vi. continue with violence (usually used to refer to sth. powerful and unpleasant) 盛行，流行；（病等）猖獗
据说某种传染性疾病正在那个国家肆虐。
It is said an epidemic disease is raging throughout that country.
战争越打越激烈，成千上万的人或死或伤。
The war raged and thousands of people were injured or killed. 战争越打越激烈，成千上万的人或死或伤。
28、on the air 开始广播（或电视转播）
这个频道每天早晨7点开始播送节目。
This channel comes on the air every morning at 7.
对总统的采访将于明天早晨播出。
The interview with the President will be on the air tomorrow morning.
29、keep sb. from doing sth. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止
别因为我而妨碍你外出。
Don't let me keep you from going out.
我不想阻止你去做你的工作。
I don't want to keep you from doing your work.
30、He did not speak them with any attempt to sound heroic. He simply voiced the quiet truth of the city’s existence. (Para.10)
Meaning: He didn’t try to sound heroic while saying those words. In a quiet voice, he was just telling the simple truth: London was still standing there.
sound: v. seem when heard
Your cough sounds better. 你的咳嗽听上去好一点了。
Does this sentence sound right? 这个句子听上去对不对?
From the way you describe him, he sounds like a very strange man. 根据你的描述, 他似乎是个十分奇怪的人。
voice: vt. express in words, esp. forcefully
The chairman encouraged us to voice our opinions. 主席鼓励我们发表自己的意见。
heroic
a. having the qualities of a hero; very brave英雄的，英勇的
他因战争中的英雄事迹而闻名。
He was famous for his heroic deeds during the war.
我们被她的英雄行为所折服。
We were amazed by her heroic acts.
31、resolution
n.
1） the quality of being firm 坚决，坚定，决心
他用铿锵有力的话语结束了演讲。
His speech ended on a note of resolution.
他面对强盗显得非常刚毅。
He showed great resolution in facing the robbers.
2） solution解决，解答
你所提供的信息已使这个问题的解决成为可能。
Your information has made the resolution of this problem possible.
我们需要很快解决这一争端。
We need quick resolution of this conflict.
pub
n. a public house, a building where alcohol may be bought and drunk 小酒店，酒吧
14岁以下的少年是不允许进有些酒店的。
Children younger than 14 are not allowed in some pubs.
我们下班后到酒吧去好吗？
Shall we go down to the pub after work?
32、watch for look attentively for sth. 留意，当心
留心我们新改进的产品吧，下个星期就要上市了！
Watch for our new improved product, which will be on the market next week!
33、handful
n.
1） a small number (of people or things) 少数，少量
在国内只有少数人能完成如此困难的工作。
There's only a handful of people in the country who can do work as difficult as this.
她请了许多朋友来参加她的聚会，但只有少数几个人来了。
She invited many friends to her party, but only a handful of them came.
2） an amount of sth. that can be held in one hand一把
他从口袋里拿出一把硬币。
He took a handful of coins from his pocket.
她抓起一把雪朝我扔过来。
She picked up a handful of snow and threw it at me.
34、flock
n. a group of sheep, goats or birds, or a group of people 一群（绵羊、山羊、鸟或人）
警察在告诫驾车人说有一群绵羊跑到了路上。
Police are warning motorists that a flock of sheep has escaped onto the road.
一群群叫叫嚷嚷的参观者进入了大楼。
Noisy flocks of visitors came into the buildings.
vi. gather, move, come or go together in great numbers群集，成群结队而行
数以百计的人正蜂拥着去看足球赛。
Hundreds of people are flocking to the football match.
湖边聚集了为数众多的鸟儿。
Huge numbers of birds had flocked together by the lake.
35、The pilots in the RAF reached the limits of exhaustion and then went beyond those limits, still fighting. (Para.12)
Meaning: The pilots in the Royal Air Force became very very tired. But they endured and went beyond their physical limits to fight against Nazi bombers.
exhaustion
n. total loss of strength筋疲力尽，疲惫
她因过度劳累而感到身体不适。
She felt ill with exhaustion.
他们爬山以后浑身筋疲力尽。
They were in a state of exhaustion after climbing the mountain.
这煤矿因矿源枯竭而关闭了。
The coal mine was closed down due to exhaustion of the coal supply.
36、But the people of London were also in the front lines, and they did not have the satisfaction of being able to fight back. (Para.13)
Meaning: But the people of London were also doing their part at the front of the battle, but they were dissatisfied with the fact that they could not fight against the enemy directly.
37、They couldn’t reach up and smash the enemy planes. (Para.13)
Meaning: They could not rise to the sky and break German planes to pieces.
smash
v.
1）(cause sth. to) be broken violently into pieces 打碎，打破，粉碎
锁生锈了，我们不得不把门砸开。
The lock was rusty, so we had to smash it to open the door.
2）hit (sb./sth.) very hard 猛撞，猛击
风暴中有几条船撞上了礁石。
Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm.
n.
1） an act or sound of smashing
撞击（声），猛撞（声）
杯子啪得一声摔在了地上。
The glass hit the floor with a smash.
2） a very successful song, play or film, etc.
极为成功的歌曲、戏剧或电影等
她的第一部影片在国际上取得了成功。
Her first movie was an international smash.
38、They had to dig quickly in cellars to rescue their friends who had been buried underneath the wreckage. (Para.13)
Meaning: They had to dig quickly in cellars to save their friends buried under theruined buildings.
cellar
n. a room under the ground floor of a building, usu. used to keep items to be used later
地窖，地下室
a coal cellar
藏煤的地窖
rescue
vt. save or bring away sb./sth. from danger 救出，解救
你使我摆脱了窘境。
You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.
救生船将水手们从正在下沉的船上营救了出来。
The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat.
n. rescuing or being rescued营救，解救
救生船每月都要进行多次救援行动。
Lifeboats accomplish many rescues every month.
我们一起坐在悬崖上，等待救援。
We sat together on the cliff, waiting for rescue.
underneath
prep. under or below 在下面，在底下，向下面
这条路正好通到城市下面。
The road goes right underneath the city.
他们在车底下发现了一枚炸弹。
They found a bomb underneath the car.
ad. under or below
在下面，在底下，向下面
她看上去很腼腆，但实际上是一个非常热心的人。
She seems shy but she's actually a very warm-hearted person underneath.
在修复这幅油画时，发现了在其下面还有一幅年代更早的画。
When the painting was restored, a much older picture was discovered
wreckage
n. remains of sth. that has been wrecked 残骸，残余物，碎片
那架飞机的残骸散落的范围很广。
Wreckage of the plane showered a wide area.
船上有80个人幸存了下来，而其余的人不是死在了水中就是被困死在了沉船里。
Eighty people on the boat survived, but the rest died in the water or were trapped in the wreckage.
39、put out cause sth. to stop burning 扑灭，熄灭
消防队员很快就把那场火扑灭了。
Firemen soon put the fire out.
离开营地以前要把所有的火熄灭。
40、Put out all fires before leaving the camping ground. “Mark it down that … ”(Para.14)
Here “mark it down” just means “remember it”.
41、mark sth. down: write sth. down
I am a little forgetful, so I have to mark these things down. 我有点忘事, 因此我得把这些事记下来。
The teacher marked him down as present. 老师记下他到堂了。
mark down write down 记下来，写下来
I marked down the address that she gave me over the telephone, and took care not to lose it.
我把她在电话里告诉我的地址记了下来，并且注意把它保存好。
42、 “… that this is a war of speed and organization, …” (Para.14)
Meaning: “... speed and organization matter in the war, ....”
43、whichever
pron.
1) any (one) of the set that 任何一个
挑选最适合你的帽子。
Take whichever hat suits you best.
"你愿意在哪个酒吧里见面？""哪一个都行--我无所谓。"
"Which bar would you prefer to meet in?" "Whichever--it doesn't matter to me."
2) no matter which 无论，不管
无论你买哪一个，都有6个月的保质期。
Whichever you buy, there is a six-month promise it will work well.
无论我们作任何选择，都会有不利之处。
Whichever we choose, there'll be disadvantages.
44、 “… whichever political system best provides for the defense and decency of the little man will win.” (Para.14)
Meaning: “... any political system which can develop the best method to ensure the defense and decency of ordinary people will win the war.”
decent
a. socially acceptable or good 适当的，得体的，正派的
人人都有权得到体面的工资和拥有一个美好的家庭。
Everyone should have the right to a decent wage and a decent home.
我认为他属于那种正派的人。
I thought he was a decent sort of person.
decency
n. being decent
正派，合宜，体面，得体
他的正直感和公平竞争意识使他拒绝了这个提议。
His sense of decency and fair play made him refuse the offer.
他们无耻地蔑视人权和人类尊严的准则。
They showed a shameless disrespect for human rights and the norms of human decency.
45、Murrow’s projection of eventual victory for the ordinary people proved to be accurate. (Para.15)
Meaning: Murrow’s prediction or plan about the final victory won by the ordinary people proved true.
46、The Nazi powers were finally defeated by the Allied nations. (Para. 15)
Meaning: The Nazi countries were finally defeated by the Allied nations.
power: n. a nation that has influence or control
People say that Britain is no longer a world power. 人们说英国不再是世界强国了。
47、treaty
n.
1） official agreement between two or more countries （国与国之间缔结的）条约
They signed a treaty to settle all boundary disagreements.
他们签定了一项解决所有边界争端的条约。
2） official agreement between people, esp. for the buying of property （尤指购置财产时人与人之间的）协约，约定，协商
observe the treaty 遵守条约
The house was sold by private treaty.
这座房子是通过私下订立协议出售的。
48、... have set up special funds for environmental cleanups... (Para. 10)
fund: n.
1) sum of money saved or make available for a particular purpose
a relief fund救济基金 a sports fund体育基金
run a fund 运用 (或管理) 基金
set up a fund to take care of the buildings 设立一项基金来维修这些建筑物
raise funds for research into AIDS 筹集基金来进行爱滋病研究
2) (pl.) financial resources; money
I'm short of funds so I'll pay you next week.由于我现在手头紧， 因此下周才能付给你钱。
fund: vt. provide money for sth.
The government is funding another project. 政府正在为另一项目提供资金。
The rich man was fond of funding films. 那个富翁喜欢为影片拍摄提供资金。
49、set up establish or create (sth.) 建立，创立
A fund will be set up for the dead men's families.
一个救济死难者家属的基金会即将建立起来。
They needed the money to set up a special school for poor children.
他们需要一笔钱为贫困的儿童建一所专门的学校。
50、... special funds for environmental cleanups ...(Para. 10)
cleanup: n. the removing of dirt, pollution, crime, or corruption from somewhere
give the house a good cleanup 好好打扫一下房子
a cleanup campaign against industrial pollution 清除工业污染的运动
The Chinese people usually have a good cleanup before Spring Festival.中国人总要在春节前搞大扫除。
Exercises
Comprehension of the text
Answer the following questions.
1、What was Mr.Murrow’s job in 1940 ?
He was head of the European staff of the Columbia Broadcasting System and a news broadcaster.
2、What did Murrow feel sorry for?
Murrow felt sorry for the suffering of London during the attack by the German bombers.
3、Why did Murrow’s voice contain a tone ofconfidence?
Because he believed that whatever London had to endure, it could not be destroyed.
4、What were the German pilots sure about?
They were sure about their ultimate triumph over England.
5、What did Hitler and Goering believe about London at first?
They believed that London would surrender after it became a burned city.
6、Why were the English more fortunate than the Poles and the Dutch?
Because they had the English Channel as a barrier against the Nazi ground forces, and they had the Royal Air Force to battle the Nazis in the sky.
7、What did London citizens do during the wartime?
On the one hand, they stayed calm and tried to continue living their lives; on the other hand, they did their beat to help to defend their nation.
8、What did Murrow predict about the battle?
He predicted that the English people would win the final victory.
Vocabulary
Complete the following sentences with the help of the first letter(s).Fill each blank with one word only.
1、At that time most Americans didn’t expect that the Japanese would make an air r ___aid ___on pearl Harbor, the American navy’s base in Honolulu, Hawaii.
2、They will fight to the end; they will never s ___ urrender____.
3、I feel pretty an ___ ciend ___ when I see how the younger generation acts.
4、Livingstone was totally exhausted after the trip, in which he en ___dure___ fever, near starvation, attacks by hostile tribes and by a lion.
5、Nothing, which we have said ,is intended to c__ast___ doubt on the solutions accepted and on the measures taken.
6、It is surprising that you don’t know about such a h___ istoric____event. It marked the beginning of a new period.
7. During the big fire, the f ___lames____ lit up the sky all night long.
8、“What is the’s___urvival____ of the fittest’?”“The existence of those that are best adapted to their surroundings.”
Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a suitable preposition or adverb.
1、The soldiers showed great joy and satisfaction after winning the final triumph___ ove r___ their enemies.
2、How can you feel safe when it is reported that so many murders happened ___in___ broad daylight?
3、If you give ___in___, it means you admit being defeated.
4、After hearing his joke, I was laughing so hard I couldn’t keep myself __from__ crying.
5、The government has brought all newspapers ___under__ its control.
6、Channel 5 faces so many technical and financial difficulties that it will be lucky to get ___on___ the air at all.
7、I marked __dowm___ the pronunciations for the new words clearly in my notebook so that I could practice them again and again after class.
8、Watch ___for____ the tall man over there. He may be the one who stole the diamond.
Word Building
The prefix mis- is added to verbs to give the meaning of wrongly or badly. Study the verbs given below and then complete the following sentences with the proper forms of these verbs.
misunderstand mislead mistake misuse
misspell misreport misprint misplace
1、The story in the newspaper isn’t true; the facts have been[ _misreported ]
2、The book contains quite a few words; the proof-reader really should have been more careful.
3、He writes excellent English essays, except that he sometimes _ words.
4、She had _[ _misplaced ] her keys and had to ask her parents to come and unlock the door.
5、I think they must have _[ misunderstood ]_ me; I meant nine in the morning, not nine at night.
6、I hate to see him [ _misusing ] his time like that; he should be spending more time in the library than on the football ground.
7、Don’t [ _mistake ]_ his silence for lack of interest; actually he is very interested in the subject we are discussing now.
8、The car’s shiny appearance _ me into thinking it was newer than it really was.
This is a review of the word-building affixes we have studied so far in this book. Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word given in brackets.
1、(broad)His parents hoped that the trip overseas would[ _broaden ]_ their son’s mind.
2、(responsible)It was [ _irresponsible ]_ of the teacher to leave the young boys by themselves in the swimming pool.
3、(protect)The mother is too[ _protective ]_ towards her children; she should let them be more independent.
4、(character)Our current education system is still _by an emphasis on success in exams.
5、(double)The police are _ their efforts to find the missing child.
6、(fashion) It’s for young people to wear T-shirts and jeans nowadays.
7、(fair)Her friendship with the personnel manager gave her an _ advantage at the interview.
8、(obey) Anyone who [ _disobeys ]_ these rules shall be punished according to the proper laws and regulations.
Structure
Translate part of the sentences with “as though”;
“As though/if “ is used to introduce something that could be real or unreal. When the thing introduced is obviously unreal, the subjunctive mood should be employed in the “as though/if” clause.
For example:
The fires were brought under control. Bottles of dairy milk arrived in doorways, and women took them in, as though the war were a thousand miles away.
1、Mike seemed very proud of himself as though _.(只有他得到了90分以上).
2、Mary left the old house in a hurry, looking frightened, as though _（他在那见了鬼）
3、The old lady gave all that she had to the young man treating him as though _(他是她的亲儿子).
4、Tom dressed himself so formally today: it seemed as though it were [ _an interview meeting the queen ]_(她要去接见女王)
5、He always boasts of his rich experience as though[ _he knew everything ]_（他什么都知道）.
Study the two models given below and rewrite each of the following sentences using “whichever”.
Model 1: you can take any one of the seats (which)you like.
------you can take whichever seat you like.
Model 2: choose any one of the toys (which) you like best.
------choose whichever toy you like best.
1、You should wear the dress which suits you best for the evening party.
You should wear whichever dress suits you best for the evening party.
2、You can settle down in any one of the areas that you choose.
You can settle down in whichever area you choose.
3、The one of you that comes first will receive a gift.
Whichever one (of you )comes first will receive a gift.
4、All my books are here. you may borrow any one of them which you like.
All my books are here. You may borrow whichever one you like.
5、I have several spare rooms. Any one of them you want is yours.
I have several spare rooms. Whichever one you want is yours.
Translation
Translate the following sentences into English.
１、人们穿着体面的衣服，成群结队地去广场参加庆祝会。
People dressed themselves decently and flocked to the square for the celebration.
２、为数不多的战士们英勇抗敌，壮烈牺牲。
The handful of soldiers fought bravely against the enemies and died heroic deaths.
３、在那次事故中，300多人被埋、在废墟中等待援救。
In the ancient, over three hundred people were buried underneath the wreckage waiting to be rescued.
４、途中她忍受了种种困难；什么都无法阻止她去寻找失散的女儿。
She endured all kinds of hardships on the journey; nothing could keep her from finding her lost daughter.
５、别跟那人混在一起。他们在光天化日之下赶了很多坏事。
Don’t get mixed up with that gang. They have committed many crimes in broad daylight.
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOW INTO CHINAESE.
1、Night after night, in the hot summer and early fall of 1940,a deep, steady voice came over the AtlanticOcean from England to America, telling of England’s battle for survival under the waves of German bombers.
在1940年的炎夏和早秋的一个个夜晚，一个深沉、平静的声音飞越大西洋，从英国传到美国，讲述着英国在德国轰炸机轮番进攻下为生存而进行的战斗。
2、His voice had a tone of sorrow for the suffering of that ancient city, and a tone of confidence, too----a feeling of belief that London would be there, no matter what it had to endure.
他的声音表达了一种因这个古老城市遭受的苦难而感到的悲痛，同时还传递着一种信心——— 一种相信无论要去忍受什么样的苦难伦敦也将巍严屹立的信念。
3、The hardships of London really started in the first week of September, when Hitler was at last convinced that the English did not intend to give in.
伦敦的苦难实际上开始于九月的第一个星期，那时希特勒最终确信英国人不打算投降。
4、Radar sirens wailed, ambulances rushed from one place of agony to another, and fire fighters faced the flames hour after hour.
雷达报警器在尖叫，救护车从一个充满痛苦的地方向另一个充满痛苦的地方飞速行驶，而消防队员每时每刻面对的是熊熊火焰。
5、Murrow knew that Britain’s fate depended upon the resolution of the people in the shops and streets, the men in the pubs, the housewives, those watching for fire on the roofs, the people who had a thousand difficult and painful things to do.
默罗知道英国的命运取决于这些人的决心：商店里和马路上的人们、酒吧里喝酒的男人们、家庭妇女们、那些在屋顶上监视火情的人们、那些有着无数又困难又痛苦的事情要做的人们。
Essay summary
Choose the best one of the three answers given to fill in each blank.
Hitler _1_B__to invade England_2_A__could not do so until the RAF was destroyed. In August 1940 the Germans began daylight bombing against English ports and airfields and in September_3_A__London and other cities. The plan was to draw_4_A__the English fighters and destroy them._5_B__the RAF was very small, the people of England were praying for the fighter pilots and believing_6_A__an English victory. The Nazis _7_A__losing a great_8_B__of their airplanes and changed_9_B__to night bombing_10_A__the end of September.
The people of London were also in the front lines_11_C__they couldn’t fly fighters and smash the planes. They _12__C_dig quickly in cellars to_13_B__their friends who had been buried_14_A__the wreckage. They had to put_15_B__endless fires. They had to stand_16_A__and take whatever the enemy threw at them. People understood that Britain’s fate depended_17_B__the resolution_18_A__the common people, and those watching_19_B__fire on the roofs. This continued_20_A__the Nazis were finally defeated by the Allied nations.
1. A. dreamedB. wantedC. hammered
2. A. but B. thereforeC. however
3. A. against B. under C. beside
4. A. out B. away C. in
5. A. Even B. Even thoughC. Because
6. A. in B. about C. at
7. A. started B. suffered C. defeated
8. A. quantityB. number C. amount
9. A. for B. back C. on
10. A. by B. on C. at
11. A. but B. for C. though
12. A. were to B. have to C. had to
13. A. reinforce B. rescue C. meet
14. A. underneathB. by C. at
15. A. away B. out C. on
16. A. firm B. up C. on
17. A. for B. on C. at
18. A. of B. for C. by
19. A. at B. for C. on
20. A. until B. to C. for
Text structure analysis
Paragraphs of a General Statement supported by specific details
In the reading passage the writer reports about what happened in Britain under the bombs.
He often stars with a general statement and then supports his statement with specific details. The writing technique is similar to what we learned in Unit 1. Now read paragraphs 6 and 7 again and examine the chart below.
Para . 6—7The hardships of London really started in the first week of September, when Hitler was at last convinced that the English did not intend to give in. On September 7,1940,nearly four hundred German bombers hammered the city with bombs in broad daylight. Marshal Goering boasted, “This is the historic hour when our air force for the first time delivered its bombs right into the enemy’s heart.”
Fires burned, houses fell, gas pipes burst, and dark smoke rose from the streets. Men, women, and children felt the effect of the bombs. Radar sirens wailed, ambulances rushed from one place of agony to another, and fire fighters faced the flames hour after hour.
A general statement: The hardships of London really started in the first week of September, when Hitler was at last convinced that the English did not intend to give in.
Details of hardships for London:
1、September 7,1940, nearly four hundred German bombers hammered the city with bombs in broad daylight.
2、Marshal Goering boasted, “This is the historic hour when our air force for the first time delivered its bombs right into the enemy’s heart.”
3、Fires burned, houses fell, gas pi0pes burst, and dark smoke rose from the streets.
4、Men, women, and children felt the effect of the bombs.
5、Radar sirens wailed, ambulances rushed from one place of agony to another, and fire fighters faced the flames hour after hour.
Now have a look at paragraph 9 to find out how the general statement is supported by specific details.
But the city endured. Trains brought commuters in from the suburbs. Buses bumped along the streets. The fires were brought under control. Bottles of dairy milk arrived in door ways, and women took them in, as though the war were a thousand miles away. Newspapers appeared and people bought them, hurrying to work and reading reports of the battle raging over London.
A general statement: But the city endured.
Details of how the city endured:
1、Trains brought commuters in from the suburbs.
2、Buses bumped along the streets.
3、 The fires were brought under control.
4、Bottles of dairy milk arrived in door ways, and women took them in, as though the war were a thousand miles away.
5、Newspapers appeared and people bought them, hurrying to work and reading reports of the battle raging over London.
三、Section B
READING SKILLS
Each of the following sentences from reading passage B contains a figurative expression. Explain in your own words what the expression means. Write your explanation in the blank space provided.
1、A white dot appeared in the sky, as small and innocent-looking as a slip of paper. (Para.2)
Explanation:_[ …small and innocent-looking like a small piece of paper. ]
2、What had been a luxury home in that sector of the city came thundering down. (Para.3)
Explanation: [ _…collapsed witha sudden , huge noise. ]
3、…her brother , at six feet tall, towered over most Japanese men, and she knew at a glimpse that it was him. (Para. 7)
Explanation: [ _…was very tall compared to … ]_
4、She felt sick and dizzy, almost drunk. (Para. 9)
Explanation: […as if in a state of being drunk.
5、Her gums and her bowels were bleeding. She looked like a ghost. (Para. 9)
Explanation:_[ She looked terribly thin and worn out, just like a ghost. ]_
COMPREHENSION OF THE TEXT
Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F) according to the reading text.
F 1、It took a long time for the atomic bomb to fall down and explode.
T2、Japanese people hadn’t expected such a disaster until it really happened.
T3、Kaz was born in America and brought back to Japan by her father.
F4、Kaz’s father moved to America with his family in the early 1920s because they couldn’t make a living in Japan.
T 5、Life in Kaz’s family was a little different from that in most other Japanese families because it was flavoured with American ways of life.
F6、Kaz became very ill because she was seriously burned.
F7、Kaz’s father and brother died not long after the blast.
F8、Fortunately, Kaz’s disease was cured finally.
VOCABULARY
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.
sway dash realistic explode expose glimpse
royal outward heal weed layout innocent
1、His wounds from the chemical explosion refused to for lack of medicine.
2、Diana became a _ family member after she married prince Charles.
3、Bill Smith is a practical person. He always deals with maters .
4、Looking out of the window, he caught a _ of a luxury car passing by.
5、Seeing the yellow flags _ gently in the wind brought tears of joy to his eyes.
6、The teacher asked us to raise our arms _ in front of us in order to keep the same amount of space between us.
7、Very careful consideration was given to the of the building to provide the best possible views over the lake.
8、Having_ in the garden for the whole morning, he decided to have a rest.
Replace the underlined words or expressions in the following sentences with words of expressions from the text that best keep the original meaning.
1、People were lacking in daily necessities during wartime.
People were wanting in daily necessities during wartime.
2、He stood up and was much taller than her.
He stood up and was much towered over her.
3、Lucy lifted the box and went towards her car.
Lucy lifted the box and made for her car.
4、Many branches fell from the trees during the storm.
Many branches broke off the trees during the storm.
5、We were pleased when the hot summer was replaced by the cool autumn after it rained for several days.
We were pleased when the hot summer gave way to the cool autumn after it rained for several days.
6、After crying for a few minutes, the baby fell gradually into a peaceful sleep.
After crying for a few minutes, the baby sank gradually into a peaceful sleep.
7、You are expected to be on time for every class.
It is expected you will be on time for every class.
、What was left of the stone walls was weather-beaten but untouched by the overgrown weeds.
What was remained of the stone walls was weather-beaten but untouched by the overgrown weeds.
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