吉大13春《新视野英语（二）》第六章拓展资源
吉大13春《新视野英语（二）》第六章拓展资源主要知识点掌握程度
本章内容分为两个个部分，通过两篇篇文章的学习，我们要了解这一章中涉及的单词和词组、词语搭配和从句的用法、写作技巧和有关和本单元有关的背景知识；除此之外，在第二部分还会有实战练习，即阅读技巧的讲解，能够让大家在学到一些基础知识的基础上，掌握阅读技巧，以便更有效的完成对所需阅读文章的掌握和理解。
知识点整理
一、Pre-reading Activities
Answer the following questions with your own experiences.
Answer the following questions with your own experiences.
1、What are some of the ways names can make a difference?
2、In what way can teachers be guilty of name prejudice?
3、What does the writer suggest you do if your name does not suit you?
Answer to the Questions:
1、Example one : When one woman used her middle name, she felt better and her professional achievement improved.
Example two : The same essay with different names can be given different grades by the same teacher.
2、If the teacher gives different grades to the same essay with different names, she/hewill be guilty of name prejudice.
3、The writer suggests if your name doesn’t suit you, you can change your name.
Background Information
1、The Bible
It is the holy book of the Christians, consisting of the Old Testament(旧约全书） and the New Testament（新约全书.
2、Herbert Harari
Herbert Harari is a retired professor of psychology at San Diego State University.
3、San Diego
It is the official travel resource for the San Diego Region. This site showcases various offerings of the area, including recreation, arts and culture, dining, and such world-renowned theme park attractions as the San Diego Zoo, Sea World, and Lego Land.
4、Temple University
It is a comprehensive public research university with more than 29,000 students. It has a distinguished faculty in 16 schools and colleges, including schools of Health Sciences Center. The university is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA and has two international campuses in Japan and Italy.
二、Section A
Sentences understanding
1、elegant a. tasteful in appearance or manner 优雅的，文雅的，精致的
文雅的举止
elegant manners
举止优雅的人
an elegant person
2、I just don’t feel like a Debbie.
Meaning: I just don’t identify with the name Debbie.
feel like: identify with (as used in this instance); have a wish for, want
我现在不想去度假。
I don’t feel like taking a holiday now.
你想来一杯咖啡吗?
Do you feel like a cup of coffee?
3、fill out add what is necessary to make sth. complete填写
所有申请这一工作的人都要填写这份申请表。
All the applicants for the job must fill out this form.
请填写你的支票并在上面签字。
Please fill out your cheque and sign it.
4、substitute:
1) vt. put (sth. or sb.) in place of another 代替，替换
他们正以暴力取代对话。
They were substituting violence for dialogue.
2) vi. act or serve as a replacement代替，代用
你能代替我去开会吗？
Can you substitute for me at the meeting?
Notice that in both its transitive and intransitive uses, the verb “substitute” is used together with the preposition “for”
3) n. person or thing that replaces, acts for or serves as sb. or sth. else 代理人，代替的人，代用物
那位教师生病了，因此今天由代课教师在教课。
The teacher’s ill, so a substitute is teaching today.
没有什么能够代替营养丰富的食物和运动。
There is no substitute for good food and exercise.
4、associate: n. a person connected with another, especially at work 同事
他是同事，而不是朋友。
He is not a friend but an associate.
associate: v. (cause to) join as friends or as partners in business交往，结交
战争期间他们间的关系很密切。
They were closely associated with each other during the war.
5、As His Name Is, So Is He! (Title)
Meaning: His nature or manner as a man is similar to what he is called, his name.
The “as … so” here is used to express parallelism or proportionality. (表示类比)
As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship. 沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。
As is the teacher, so is the pupil. 有其师必有其徒。
There is also a possibility not to invert part of the sentence.
As you treat me, so I shall treat you.
你怎样对待我，我也将怎样对待你。
As time went on, so their hopes began to decrease.
随着时间的推移，他们的希望开始变得越来越小了。
6、... it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents.
Meaning: ... it surely helped although it helped only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents.
7、if: conj. accepting that, although
This is a pleasant if noisy child. 这孩子挺可爱, 虽说有点闹。
It is a nice house, if a little expensive. 这房子不错, 虽说价钱高了点。
8、characteristic a. representative 特有的，独特的
这种诚实是他的典型作风。
Such honesty is characteristic of him.
n. special quality
特点，特征
美国人和加拿大人的性格特点有什么不同？
What characteristics separate Americans from Canadian
9、for better or worse whether the result is good or bad 不管结果好坏
木已成舟，好也罢，坏也罢，我们现在已无法改变了。
It's been done, and for better or worse, we can't change it now.
不管怎样我都决定采纳她的意见。
I decided to follow her advice, for better or worse.
10、reserve
n.
1） the habit of not showing one‘s feelings or thoughts 矜持，拘谨
他是一个如此拘谨的人，甚至他最亲密的朋友都不能真正理解他。
He was a man of such reserve that not even his closest friends really understood him.
几杯酒下肚他就打开了话匣子。
A few drinks broke through his reserve.
2） thing kept for later use
留待以后用的东西，储备量
我储备了些粮食，以防万一。
I have a reserve of food in case of emergencies.
vt.
1）keep sth. for a particular purpose or time 保留，留出，储备
留点力气爬山吧。
Reserve your strength for the climb.
2）order (seats, accommodation, etc.) for use by a particular person at a future time 预定或保留（座位、席位），登记
我打电话给旅馆预定一个双人房间为期一周。
I rang the hotel to reserve a double room for a week.
convey to
11、make (ideas, feelings, etc.) known to another person 表达（思想、感情）；转达
请向你母亲转达我的良好祝愿。
Please convey my good wishes to your mother.
要是你见到詹姆斯，请向他转达我的歉意。
If you see James, do convey my regrets to him.
12、attach sth. to sth. connect sth. with sth. 使与……相关联
你认为他说的话重要吗？
Do you attach any importance to what he said?
她认为自我独立极为重要。
She attaches great value to being on her own.
13、even so in spite of that 虽然这样，然而，不过
虽然有很多拼写错误，但这仍不失为是一篇相当不错的文章。
There are many spelling mistakes; even so it's quite a good essay.
我头痛得厉害，但我还是去了音乐会。
I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert.
14、prominent
a.
1） important; well-known 重要的，杰出的，显著的，著名的
著名的杂志
a prominent magazine
政府应该在改善公共交通方面起更重要的作用。
The government should be playing a more prominent role in improving public traffic.
2）sticking out from a surface 突出的，凸起的
突起的颧骨
prominent cheek-bones
她的鼻子很高。
She has a rather prominent nose.
15、by-line n. line at the beginning or end of an article in a newspaper, etc. giving the writer's name （报刊文章首、尾处的）作者署名
16、acquaintance n.
1） person whom one knows but who is not a close friend 相识的人
他有许多生意上的熟人，但真正的朋友却很少。
He has a lot of business acquaintances but very few real friends.
他交际甚广。
He has a wide circle of acquaintances.
2） (often slight) knowledge of sb. / sth. 了解
他略懂一些日语。
He has some little acquaintance with the Japanese language.
17、turn down refuse to consider 拒绝，驳回
他想参军，但因身体不好被拒绝。
He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health.
为什么不让我做那项工作？因为我是一个女人吗？
Why was I turned down for the job? Is it because I'm a woman?
18、blind date arrangement to meet made between a man and a woman who have not met each other before （由第三方安排的）男女间初次见面
本周六玛丽安排我与一位她在工作中认识的男子见面。
Mary has arranged for me to go on a blind date this Saturday with a man that she knows through work.
19、come up to move towards 走近，移近
一名男子走到我跟前向我借火柴。
A man came up to me and asked for a match.
20、press for sth. make repeated and demanding request for sth. 反复请求，紧急请求
主席一再要求改善工作条件
The chairman is pressing for improved working conditions.
许多家长一直迫切要求重新开办当地那所学校。 Many parents have been pressing for the local school to be reopened.
21、be ill at ease uncomfortable; embarrassed 不自在，困窘
帕特和家人在一起很不自在，不知是否要宣布他的事。
Pat felt ill at ease with his family, wondering whether or not to announce his news.
母亲批评她的时候，她觉得非常得困窘。
She was ill at ease when she was criticized by her mother.
22、free from not influenced or damaged by sth. dangerous 不具••的，未受危险伤害的
难道总统没有偏见吗？
Is the President free from prejudice?
要保证伤口不能沾上污物。
Make sure the wound is free from dirt?
23、be guilty of be to blame for sth. 对•••…有罪责
他被判决犯有向某大国泄露秘密文件的罪行。
He was found guilty of passing on secret papers to a foreign power.
我意识到自己因疏忽而酿成大错。
I saw that I had been guilty of a careless mistake.
24、stereotype vt. form a fixed set of ideas that is generally disapproving about the characteristics of a certain group of people or things 对... ...形成固定看法
有人批评警方对黑人有成见。
The police have been criticized for having stereotyped images of black people.
n. image, idea, character, etc. that has become fixed in a routine form 固定的形象，陈规，老套，旧框框
他不是个符合法国模式的法国人。
He doesn't fit the national stereotype of a Frenchman.
这书中的角色只是些僵化的人物。
The characters in the book are just stereotypes.
25、extent n.
1）the degree specified 某种（什么、这样的、一定的）程度
在某种程度上你是对的。
To some extent you are correct.
可以在多大程度上相信他？
To what extent can he be believed?
2） length; area; range 长度; 面积; 范围
我对他知识的渊博感到惊奇。
I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.
尼罗河长达6500多公里。
The Nile is over 6,500 kilometers in extent.
26、take charge of take control of; become responsible for负责管理，对……负责
在她负责以前这个部门曾是一团糟。
The department was badly organized until she took charge of it.
老板让他在她离开时负责管理几天办公室。
The boss asked him to take charge of the office for a few days while she was away.
27、objectively ad. in an objective manner 客观地，客观上地
物理定律在客观上都正确吗？
Are the laws of physics objectively true?
法官应公正处理每一个案子。
Judges are supposed to judge each case objectively.
28、 ... you aren’t stuck with the label. (Para. 8)
Meaning: ...if you don’t like your name given by your parents, you can get rid of it by changing your name.
Text-structure Analysis
A Paragraph of Comparison
The writer of this reading passage tries to convince the readers of the idea of “As his name is, so is he”. To prove it, many comparisons have been made to help bring out the point. Now let’s make an analysis of the second part of Paragraph 7 while leaving the first part of that paragraph for you to analyze by yourself.
The second part
However, teacher prejudice isn’t the only source of classroom difference. Dr. Thomas V. Busse and Louisa Seraydarian of Temple University found those girls with names such as Linda, Diane, Barbara, Carol, and Cindy performed better on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests than did girls with less appealing names. (A companion study showed girls’ popularity with their peers was also related to the popularity of their names -- although the connection was less clear for boys.)
The Analysis
A point of view: However, teacher prejudice isn’t the only source of classroom difference.
Please notice that in this part there are two comparisons being made.
Understanding the text and answering the following questions
1、Did Debbie like her former name? Why? Or why not?
No, she didn’t like her former name Debbie, because it didn’t suit her good looks and elegant manner, and it made her think she should be a cook.
2、According to Debbie, what difference did it make when she substituted her middle name, Lynne. For her first name Debbie?
She felt more comfortable with herself and other people started to take her more seriously.
3、What did the writer think of Debbie’s name change?
The writer thinks that the name change didn’t cause Debbie’s professional achievement, but it surely helped by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents.
4、According to the writer, why did one prominent magazine consistently refuse to print “Joe” in his byline?
The writer thought that, to other people, his name, Joe, made him more qualified to be a baseball player than an art critic. He also suspected that if he were a more refined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete.
5、In Paragraph 5, why was the woman ill at ease?
The woman was ill at ease because the man to whom she wanted the writer to introduce her was the same person with whom she once turned sown a blind date because of his name.
6、Why did the writer say that we were all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent?
We often project name-based stereotypes on people. For example, one of the writer’s women friends confessed that while taking charge of a nursery-school’s group of four- year-olds, she had their personalities confused because of their names.
7、How can name-based prejudices affect classroom achievement?
One study showed that teachers gave consistently lower grades on essays supposed to have been written by boys with less appealing names than they awarded to the same papers when the writers were given better-sounding names.
8、According to the writer, what can you do if your name doesn’t seem to fit you?
With some determination, you can change your name.
三、Section B Judge by Appearances
（一）Reading Skills
Reading for the Main ideas in Paragraphs
As we learned in Unit 1, reading for the main ideas in paragraphs is one of the most useful reading skills we can develop and we can apply to any kind of reading. Finding the main idea in a paragraph is necessary for the understanding of a piece of writing. The main idea sentences most frequently appears at the beginning of a paragraph, as is is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A:
Names become attached to specific images, as anyone who's been called "a plain Jane" or "just an average Joe" can show. The latter name particularly bothers me since my name is Joe, which some think makes me more qualified to be a baseball player than, say, an art critic.
Yet, despite this disadvantage, I did manage to become an art critic for a time. Even so, one prominent magazine consistently refused to print "Joe" in my by-line, using my first initials, J.S., instead. I suspect that if I were a more refined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete. (Para.4)
main idea: Names become attached to specific images.
Notice that the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes the main idea of a paragraph may be only implied: it is not directly stated by any one sentence in the paragraph.
Reading skills
For each of the following sentences from Reading Passage B, write down the key idea in your own words in the blank space.
1、A standard criticism of sociological research is that it goes to great lengths to prove what most people with common sense already know. Without exactly taking sides for or against that criticism, I want to describe a sociological exercise that might seem to validate it -- except that, for me and a classmate (and maybe for some who read this account), the experience made a common claim come alive. (Para.1)
Mainidea:_【I want to describe a sociological experiment. 】
2、During spring break from a local college, my friend and I went downtown to shop. First, however, we made ourselves virtually unrecognizable to our friends and even to our families. We wore clothing slightly inappropriate for the weather, clean but not ironed, clearly not the styles worn by most visitors to the area. We carried plastic bags of nameless possessions. Both of us were slightly untidy. My friend wore a faded cotton shirt over a T-shirt and a wrinkled skirt over sweat pants. I wore a wool hat that concealed my hair and an unfashionable coat and glasses with sun shades that clipped on. (Para.2)
Main idea: 【 _My friend and I dressed so that no one would recognize us and then went downtown to shop. 】
3、The aim was to look like street people and to observe what difference that made in the way other people responded to us -- whether the appearance of poverty would invite prejudice on us. We were also prepared to act out some mildly unusual behavior that might speak of some emotional problems, without appearing seriously disturbed or dangerous. As it turned out, there was no need for dramatics; people turned us off or tuned us out on the basis of appearance alone.(Para.3)
Main idea: 【Our aim was to observe how people responded to the way we looked. (Note: This is the result of their aim: As it turned out, people turned us off or tuned us out on the basis of appearance alone.) 】
4、It was prejudice time. Some of the children we encountered stared, pointed, and laughed; adults gave us long, doubting looks. Clerks in stores followed our track to watch our every move. In a lunchroom a second assistant hurried to the side of the cashier, where they took my $2 check without asking for ID; it seemed worth that price to have us out the door. At one doorway a clerk physically blocked the entrance apparently to discourage our entry. (Para.5)
Main idea: 【It was prejudice time. 】
5、So what did we learn? Mostly what we expected, what everybody knows: people judge by appearances. Just looking poor brings with it prejudice, accompanied by removal of much of the social grace most of us take for granted. Lacking the culturally acceptable symbols of belonging in this setting, we became, to a degree, objects, with less inherent dignity as persons.(Para.7)
Main idea: _【 _People judge by appearances.】
（二）Language points
1、A standard criticism of sociological research is that it goes to great lengths to prove what most people with common sense already know.(Para. 1)
Meaning: People normally criticize sociological research for trying very hard by means of reason or evidence to show a fact that is already known to nearly all people with common sense.
Translation: 人们通常会批评社会学研究不遗余力地去证明那些大多数有常识的人已经知道了的东西。
go to great lengths：make a great deal of effort to do 竭尽全力去做
Some people go to great lengths to make their homes attractive. 有些人千方百计使他们的家令人钦羡。
They went to great lengths to keep the affair secret. 他们竭尽全力为这事保密。
This idiom may have various forms: go to any length(s) or go to all (or: great, some, considerable) lengths, which means: try very hard and be prepared to do anything, however dangerous, unpleasant, or wicked, in order to achieve something.
The famous actor went to great lengths to hide from news writers and photographers. 这位著名的男演员竭尽所能躲避记者和摄影师。
2、take sides: If you take sides or take someone’ s side in a conflict or war, you support one of the sides against the other.
Mother took sides with Alice against Father in the disagreement. 在这场争辩中母亲支持爱丽丝反对父亲。
He has never taken sides openly for or against his boss. 他从未公开支持或反对他的上司。
3、sociological exercise: a sociological experiment or field study
4、validate: v.
1) prove or confirm that a claim or statement is true or correct
The experiments are designed to validate his theory. 设计这些实验以证实他的理论。
Mr. Brown tried to validate his criticisms. 布郎先生试图证明他的批评是有道理的。
Can you validate your reasons against economic growth? 你能证明自己反对经济增长的观点站得住脚吗？
2) make (a reason, agreement, etc.) have value
In order to validate the agreement between yourself and your employer, you must both sign it. 为使你和雇主之间的聘约生效，双方都须签名。
5、... the experience made a common claim come alive. (Para. 1)
Meaning: ... the experience (= sociological exercise) made a commonly accepted statement become concrete and lively.
6、virtually: ad. almost; very nearly; in every way that is really important
My thesis is virtually finished; I’ ve only a few changes to make in the writing. 我的论文大体上写好了，只有几个地方须作些修改。
It used to be virtually impossible to find restaurants outside the cities, but it’ s much easier now. 过去在城市外几乎不可能找到餐馆，不过现在容易多了。
On the label, the milk is described as “virtually fat-free”. 在这种牛奶标签上写着 “基本上不含脂肪”的字样。
7、We wore clothing slightly inappropriate for the weather, ... (Para. 2)
Meaning: We wore clothing which was a bit unfit for the weather,...
8、nameless possessions: things of too little worth or value to name
9、wrinkled: a. getting folds or lines in sth.
His suit was wrinkled and he looked very tired. 他衣服皱巴巴的，人也显得很疲倦。
wrinkle:
1)v. (cause to) form into lines, folds, etc.
The apples are beginning to wrinkle. 这些苹果开始起皱纹了。
Too much exposure to sun will wrinkle your skin. 过多阳光照射会使你的皮肤起皱纹。
2) n. small line in the skin, esp. one of those on the face that is caused by age
She’ s beginning to get wrinkles around her eyes. 她的眼角开始有鱼尾纹了。
His face is covered with wrinkles. 他的脸上布满了皱纹。
There are some wrinkles in the back of your skirt where you’ ve been sitting down. 你裙子后面一直坐着的地方有一些褶皱。
10、Sweat pants: In American English, sweat pants are the part of a sweat suit that covers your legs. They are loose, warm and stretchy. People wear sweat pants to relax and do exercise.
11、conceal: v. (from) hide; keep from being seen or known
She knew at once that he was concealing something from her. 她立即就明白了他有什么事隐瞒着她。
He tried to conceal his heavy drinking from his family. 他竭力向家人隐瞒他酗酒的习惯。
I tried to conceal my surprise when she said she was only 22. 当她说她只有22岁时，我尽力掩饰自己的惊讶。
12、... glasses with sun shades that clipped on. (Para. 2)
Meaning: eyeglasses with dark glasses that are attached with clips.
13、street people: people who wander the streets all day, homeless people
14、... to observe what difference that made in the way other people responded to us ... (Para. 3)
Meaning: ... to observe what effects that produced in the way other people reacted to us ...
15、.. whether the appearance of poverty would invite prejudice on us. (Para. 3)
Meaning: ... whether the fact that we looked very poor would cause people to have an unreasonable disapproval of us.
16、invite: vt. (seem to) encourage (sth. bad)
You’ re just inviting trouble if you do that. 如果你这样做，那就是自找麻烦。
Some shops invite people to steal by making it too easy to take things. 有些商店里摆放的东西拿起来过于方便, 这会使人产生偷窃的念头。
17、act out:
1) express (thoughts, unconscious fears, etc.) in actions and behavior rather than in words
They acted out their frustration. 他们用行动来发泄受挫失望的情绪。
Children’ s strong feelings often get acted out in bad behavior. 孩子们的强烈的情感经常通过不良行为表现出来。
2) act a part, usu. in a real-life situation and for some purpose
She acted out the heroine’ s part in detail. 她把女主人公这个角色演得惟妙惟肖。
She acted out the role of a wronged lover to make him feel guilty. 她装出一副受委屈的情人的样子，以让他感到内疚。
18、mildly: ad. slightly, not deeply or seriously
I suggested it to him, but he seemed only mildly interested. 这事儿我向他建议过, 但他似乎兴趣不大。
19、speak of:be evident of or convey a quality, experience, or feeling
Her eyes speak of suffering. 她的眼中流露出痛苦的神情。
Her behavior speaks of suffering bravely borne. 她的行为反映了她勇敢承受着的痛苦。
The whole robbery spoke of inside knowledge on the part of the criminals. 整个抢劫案表明，罪犯掌握了内情。
20、... without appearing seriously disturbed or dangerous. (Para. 3)
Meaning: …without looking seriously ill in the mind or being likely to cause danger to other people.
21、As it turned out, there was no need for dramatics; ... (Para. 3)
Meaning: As it proved to be, there was no need for us to show too much feeling to impress people.
turn out: prove to be; come to be known
It turned out that she was my sister’ s friend. 她原来是我姐姐的朋友。
As events turned out, we were right to have decided to leave early. 正如结果所证明的，我们决定早点离开是对的。
dramatics: n. behavior which seems to show too much feeling and which is done purposely to impress people 戏剧性的表演、行经
22、...people turned us off or tuned us out on the basis of appearance alone. (Para. 3)
Meaning: ... people made us leave or paid no attention to us any more simply because of what we looked like.
turn off: (originally) leave (one road) for another; (here) make (sb. or sth.) leave; drive away
We turned off the motorway at exit 31 into a side road. 我们在第31号出口处离开了高速公路拐入支路。
Unwanted visitors will be turned off my land.不受欢迎的来访者将被从我的土地上请走。
tune out: ignore, stop listening or paying attention to
The children tuned out their mother’ s commands. 孩子们不理会母亲的吩咐。
She tuned out after I said no extra money was involved. 在我说了不再追加资金投入后, 她就不想再听了。
You have to just tune him out when he gets angry. 他生气时, 你只能不理他。
23、bargain store: a store where cheap things are sold
24、charity: n.
1) society or organization for helping people
Money from the sale of these cards will go to local charities. 卖这些贺卡所得的钱将捐献给地方慈善组织。
Many charities sent money to help the victims of the flood. 许多慈善机构寄款救济洪灾灾民。
2) (generosity in) giving money, food, help, etc. to the people who are in need; help given in this way
The old man was too proud to accept what he regarded as charity. 那个老人太要强了，不肯接受他认为的施舍。
They live on charity. 他们靠救济过日子。
25、access: n.
1) means of entering; way in; entrance
The only access to the hill is across the fields. 要到那小山去唯有穿过田地。
2) means or right of using, reaching, or entering
Students need easy access to books. 学生们需要有方便的借书途径。
A commonly used phrase is easy / difficult of access, which means “easy / difficult to reach”.
He is a man easy (difficult) of access. 他是个容易（难以）见到的人。
26、We weren’ t up to trying our act at an exclusive restaurant, ... (Para. 4)
Meaning: We were not rich enough to do the research or the field study at an exclusive restaurant,...
be (or: feel) up to (doing sth.): be capable of (doing sth.), be well or brave enough to (do it)
Mother is sick and not up to going out to the grocery store. 母亲病了, 体力不支, 不能出门到杂货店去买东西。
I don’ t feel up to going to work today. 我今天身上不舒服，不能去上班了。
He wants to compete at an international level, but I don’ t think he’ s up to it. 他想在国际水平上竞争，但我认为他还不到那个水平。
Notice that in the phrase “be up to”, “to” is a preposition, so the following verb should be used in its -ing form.
exclusive: a.
1) limited to a specific kind, e.g., for socially suitable people and charging a lot of money高级的，别处没有的，索价高昂的
This is an exclusive shop. 这是专营高档商品的店。
This is one of the most exclusive hotels in the city. 这是城里最高级的宾馆之一。
2) not shared with others in a certain group 专有的，独占的
This company has an exclusive right to film the novel. 这家公司享有把这部小说拍成电影的专有权。
This room is for the exclusive use of guests. 这间房间专供客人使用。
27、more or less:almost, nearly
I’ ve more or less finished reading this book. 我差不多快读完这本书了。
The project was more or less a success. 这个项目大体上是成功的。
28、It was prejudice time. (Para. 5)
Meaning: It was a time when people were filled with prejudice.
29、Clerks in stores followed our track to watch our every move. (Para. 5)
Meaning: Clerks in stores walked after us to watch our every movement.
follow one’ s track: be after sb.
We followed his track(s) through the snow. 我们顺着他在雪地里的足印前进。
The hunters followed the tracks of the animal for hours. 猎人循着动物的脚印追了几个小时。
30、... where they took my $2 check without asking for ID; it seemed worth that price to have us out the door. (Para. 5)
Meaning: ... where they took my $2 check without asking to see my ID; it seemed worth that 2 dollars to get us out of the door.
31、establishment: n.
1) (here) a shop, business, or organization occupying a particular building or place建立的机构
Shops and other business establishments in this city remain closed today.今天这个城市的商店和其他商业单位都依然关着门。
2) the act of creating or beginning an organization or method 建立，创办，开设
The establishment of new industry by the Government took several years. 政府花了几年时间建立起了新的工业体系。
32、blow one’ s cover: cause one’s true identity or the true nature of one’ s work to be revealed
Asking those kinds of questions could blow my cover.问那些问题会暴露我的身份。
The enemy’s cover was blown. 敌人的掩护身份暴露了。
I was pretending to be her sister until she blew my cover. 直到她揭露真相，我一直假装是她的姐姐。
33、out of character: unlike one’ s usual nature
Rose is a nice girl; her loss of temper was indeed out of character. 罗丝是个温文尔雅的姑娘，她突然大发脾气实在是料想不到的。
His behavior last night was quite out of character. 昨晚他的举止颇有点反常。
I can’ t believe he would have quarreled; it seems so out of character. 我不相信他会吵架——这似乎太不符合他的性格了。
The opposite of “out of character” is “in character”, which means “like one’ s usual nature”.
It was entirely in character for Olive to put her baby first. 凡事以自己的孩子为先, 这完全符合奥利夫的性格。
34、rib: vt. make fun of in a friendly way
She was continuously ribbed about her accent. 她的口音常受到别人的取笑。
His brothers ribbed him about his new girlfriend. 他的兄弟们因他交上了新的女友而跟他开玩笑。
35、Just looking poor brings with it prejudice, accompanied by removal of much of the social grace most of us take for granted.(Para. 7)
Meaning: The appearance of poverty alone brings to you other people’ s unfavorable feelings and opinions, together with the loss of much of polite and well-mannered social behavior. Most of us accept such politeness and good manners as normal without questioning its rightness.
Translation: 仅仅是外表贫穷就会带来人们的歧视，在很多场合我们大多数人视为理所当然的社交礼仪也不复存在了。
36、accompany: vt.
1) happen or exist at the same time
Thunder accompanies lightning. 雷声伴着闪电。
Fever is almost always accompanied by cough. 发烧几乎总是伴有咳嗽。
2) go with, as on a journey
Ken agreed to accompany me on a trip to Africa. 肯答应陪我去非洲旅行。
Would you like me to accompany you to your room? 你想让我陪你去你房间吗？
37、grace: n.
1) the ways of behaving and doing things which are considered polite and well-mannered
Her reading and her social graces had made her a very pleasant companion. 她的学识和社交风度使她成了一位非常令人愉快的同伴。
2) quality of simple elegant beauty (esp. in smoothly controlled movement)
Joanna has natural grace and elegance. 乔安娜具有自然的优雅风姿。
v. ornament; give pleasure to (by one’ s / its presence)
We were graced with the presence of our chairman. 承蒙主席的光临,不胜荣幸。
Many great people will be gracing the opening night of the play. 许多重要人物的光临将为此剧的首演增色不少。
38、Lacking the culturally acceptable symbols of belonging in this setting, we became, to a degree, objects, with less inherent dignity as persons.(Para. 7)
Meaning: Because we didn’ t have culturally acceptable symbols which show we belong in this setting, to some extent we came to be regarded as objects which have less dignity than humans are born to have.
Translation:因为缺少属于这个环境的、在文化上可被接受的标志，再某种程度上我们成了物品，不再被看作是具有与生俱来的尊严的人了。
39、... where a clerk conspicuously positioned herself in the entrance ... (Para. 8)
Meaning: ... where a shop assistant stood in the entrance in a conspicuous manner ...
conspicuously: ad. being easily seen, noticeable or conspicuous
The red flag rose conspicuously over the beautiful city. 红旗十分醒目地在这座美丽城市的上空飘扬。
He is conspicuously not present at the meeting. 他的缺席会议引人注目。
position oneself: place oneself
40、The place felt out of bounds for us.
Meaning: We felt that we were not allowed to go into the place.
out of bounds (for or to):
1) If a place is out of bounds, people are not allowed to go there.
Most of the bars are placed out of bounds to the army. 酒吧多数设在士兵不得进入的禁区。
2) If something is out of bounds, people are not allowed to do it, use it, see it, or know about it.
Violent TV programs are out of bounds to children. 孩子们不准看暴力电视片。
41、internalize: v. make (esp. a principle or a pattern of behavior) a conscious or unconscious part of the self as the result of learning or repeated experience in society
He had not expected the people to internalize the values of equal rights so readily. 他没有料到人民这么快就接受了权力平等的价值观念。
Present-day children easily internalize violent behavior through movies and TV programs. 由于电影和电视节目, 现在的孩子容易产生暴力行为。
Over time she internalized her parents’attitudes towards her boyfriend. 渐渐地, 她接受了父母对她男朋友的看法。
42、superficial: a.
1) not deep
You have only a superficial knowledge of the subject. 你对该学科只有粗浅的了解。
I only have a superficial knowledge of French. 我对法语只懂些皮毛。
2) of or on the surface only
The driver only got superficial cuts. 这位司机只是受了些外伤。
There are superficial similarities between the two cars, but actually they’ re quite different. 乍一看这两辆车差不多，但实际上差别很大。
43、prevail: vi.
1) (used with among or in) (continue to) exist or be widespread
This custom still prevails among the members of the older generation.这一风俗仍在老一辈人们中流行。
This is a strange custom that still prevails.这是个仍然盛行的奇怪风俗。
2) (used with against or over) fight successfully, gain control or victory; win a fight
I do hope he will prevail over his opponents. 我真希望他能战胜他的对手。
The enemy prevailed over the native population. 敌人打败了当地居民。
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end. 我相信最终理性将占上风。
43、catalogue: v. make a list of things; put ... into different groups
Many rare plants have not yet been catalogued. 许多珍稀植物还未被归类。
This report is the first try to catalogue the effects of smoking. 这份报告第一次试图将吸烟所造成的后果进行分类。
n.
1) (book having a) complete list of items, usu. in a special order and with a description of each
a library catalogue 图书馆目录
In order to help us finish our thesis, Professor Wang gave us a reference catalogue.为了帮助我们完成论文，王教授给我们开了一份参考书目。
2) a number of things, especially bad things, considered or discussed one after another
We had a catalogue of accidents in July.七月份我们遭遇了接二连三的不幸事件。
四、Exercises
Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.
reserveconfessapplication substitute
confidence qualify characteristic approval
prominent extentlabel award
1、I have a packed time-table this week. Could you for me at the meeting at the head of office?
2、The new project is expected to start early next year; it has won the of the board.
3、Though you failed in this job interview, you should trust yourself. It’s sad that one lacks in himself.
4、He is only 30 years old, but he has become a surgeon in this city.
5、Martin Luther King Jr. was the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for advocating the nonviolence policy in the movement for citizen rights.
6、Although you have graduated from the university, a first degree in English does not you to teach English.
7、Generosity is really of Mr. Johnson; he has offered to buy the air tickets to New York for all of us.
8、The unemployed engineer wrote a dozen [ applications ] for jobs but got nothing.
Save these sentences! Some students try to use an expression from the text—but they have got all the prepositions mixed up. Correct all the sentences, using expressions from the text. Then put a definition, a substitute word or synonym or translation of the corrected expression in the space provided.
1、Please fill on this form, giving your name, age, and address.
Correct form: synonym:
2、Since I had given his offer plenty of thought before I accepted it, I feel comfortable on my decision.
Correct form: synonym:
3、In order to improve people’s living standard, we should attach first importance on the development of the economy.
Correct form: [ attach first important to ] translation:[认为------重要，把------放在第一位 ]
4、Because we don’t want to be too friendly with the Smiths, we politely turned off their invitation.
Correct form: synonym:
5、When he noticed my hesitation, he came on me and said: “come on, John.”
Correct form: definition:
6、I don’t know whether to accept this new job, and the company is pressing me with a decision.
Correct form: definition:
7、She quarreled with him because he wanted to project his own thoughts and ideas into her.
Correct form:
definition:
8、During the summer holiday many relatives came to Shanghai to see the sights. We were stuck by unexpected visitors.
Correct form: translation: [ stayed close to(不得不接待）)
Complete the following sentences with the help of the first letters. Fill each blank with one word only.
Complete the following sentences with the help of the first letter(s). Use only one word in each blank.
1、This discovery seems to v_________ the claim that this South American civilization has certain relations with ancient Chinese culture.
2、Without much money in her purse, Mary was not confident enough to enter those e_______ shops while wandering along Huaihai Road.
3、Tom had i__________ the culture values of the Italians after three years of living in Rome.
4、Lacking in communication with other areas, an ancient tradition still p______ over the whole mountain village.
5、She does not qualify for an interpreter; she has a s【uperficial】knowledge of that foreign language.
6、It is said that every woman has an I 【nherent】love of beauty.
7、Jack was very considerate; he c 【oncealed】the news that he had failed in the job interview in order not to make his mother sad.
8、It is common sense that lightning usually a【ccompanies 】thunder. But can you tell me whether we see lightning first or hear thunder first?
Replace the underlined words or expressions in the following sentences with words or expressions from the text that best keep the original meaning.
Replace the underlined words or expressions in the following sentences with words or expressions from the text that best keep the original meaning.
speak of apart from take sides
have access toout of character act out
turn off turn out go to great lengths
be (not) up to out of bounds judge by
1、The children thought spending their vacation on their uncle’s farm would be boring, but it at last was found to be the best vacation they had ever had.
The children thought spending their vacation on their uncle’s farm would be boring, but it turned out to be the best vacation they had ever had.
2、Since Michael hasn’t even graduated from the junior high school, he is not really capable of that job.
Since Michael hasn’t even graduated from the junior high school, he is not really up tothat job.
3、The famous actor tried very hard to hide from reporters and photographers so that he wouldn’ t be embarrassed to answer those sensitive questions.
The famous actor went to great lengths to hide from reporters and photographers so that he wouldn’t be embarrassed to answer those sensitive questions.
4、When we finally arrived at the chemical plant, we found a bulletin that said, “This area is forbidden to persons not concerned.”
When we finally arrived at the chemical plant, we found a bulletin that said, “This area is out of bounds to persons not concerned.”
5、Though she said everything was all right, her eyes showed suffering.
Though she said everything was all right, her eyes spoke of suffering.
6、Jack got lost in his way to the beach because he left the right road and took another when he ought to have gone straight on.
Jack got lost in his way to the beach because he turned off when he ought to have gone straight on.
7、When I asked her opinion of marrying a rich man whom one didn’ t love, the response she gave me was not at all like her behavior that it shocked me.
When I asked her opinion of marrying a rich man whom one didn’ t love, the response she gave me was so out of character that it shocked me.
8、When arguing about who would win the first place, David never supported one side against the other.
When arguing about who would win the first place, David never took sides.
Word Building
The prefixes in-, il-and ir- are added to adjectives to make hem negative in meaning.
For example,
in- + complete---incomplete: not complete
ir- + responsible---irresponsible: not responsible
Now add these prefixes to the adjectives listed below to make them negative and then complete the following sentences with some of these words. There are more words than are needed.
Sensitivepolite appropriate consistent
directlogicalregular patient
capablepropercorrectresponsible
1、They have been out of job for too long and they each have a large family to support. That explains why they are so for jobs and security.
2、Since I know that to use money in the project will be a risk, it would be [
of me not to advise my company to give up the project.
3、An exchange of views which contains contradictions is .
4、There is nothing direct to show that he is guilty of the crime. So far all the evidence is only_[ indirect ]
5、It was very of you to tell her about your pay raise when she has been unemployed since last year.
6、Joking with everyone at this official celebration is behavior for such a serious occasion.
7、What do you think of your chemistry instructor?
Oh, she’s [ incapable ] of doing any real teaching and she’s so boring.
8、The young woman has a very little child to look after and she does not like such working hours.
The prefix un- is added to adjectives to make them negative in meaning,
For example,
un- + wise―unwise: not wise
un-+ forgettable―unforgettable: not forgettable
This prefix can also be added to verbs to mean the opposite of .
For example,
un-+dress―undress: do the opposite of dressing, take off clothes
un-+tie―untie: do the opposite of tying, undo the tie
Now add un- to the following adjectives or verbs to form new words and then complete the following sentences with some of the new words.
noticeable reasonable gratefullimited
certaincoverrecognizable fashionable dotidyfoldload
1、I have been working without any break for 24 hours. It is to expect me to work all night again today.
2、She[ _ unfolded ]_a large map and spread it on the table.
3、I had a long talk with him yesterday, but I’m still [ uncertain ] about his intentions.
4、After a two-month enquiry, the police have [ uncovered ] a plot to rob the bank.
5、You have done so much for him, but he never expresses any thanks. How could you put up with such behaviour?
6、The British ship arrived at the port last week and is its contents in the harbor now.
7、We should economize on oil, because the supply of a natural resource is never
8、They had been working on the project since January, but a terrible fire last week _ months of hard work.
Structure
The underlined part in each of the examples below is an independent element: a word, phrase or clause that’s independent of the other parts of the sentence in terms of grammar. Independent elements are often set off by commas or dashes
Naturally, the name change didn’t cause Debbie/Lynne’s professional achievement.
Apparently, such prejudices can affect classroom achievement as well.
Identify the independent elements in the following sentences, and then translate the sentence into Chinese.
1、Most important, once you set a goal you have to work for it with great determination.
最重要的是，一旦确立了目标，你就要以极大的决心去为之努力。
2、Many students in medical school are, strictly speaking, studying for their parents.
从严格意义上来说，许多医学院的学生是在为他们的父母而学习。
3、To tell the truth, teachers are also under enormous pressure.
老实说，老师们也有很大压力。
4、The problem, in other words, lies in society as a whole.
换句话说，问题在于整个社会。
5、Obviously, television has both advantages and disadvantages.
显然，电视有优点也有缺点。
Study the model and rewrite each of the following sentences with the –ing participle clause with a conjunction or without a conjunction.
Model: One day, while she was filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsively substituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie.
One day, while filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsively substituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie.
1、While I was waiting at the doctor’s, I read the whole of a short story.
While waiting at the doctor’s, I read the whole of a short story.
2、After you have used the brush, put it in its proper place.
After using the brush, put it in its proper place.
3、Before he was in the army, he was an engineer.
Before being in the army, he was an engineer.
4、If you work hard, you will succeed.
Working hard, you will succeed.
5、If weather permits, the match will be played on Wednesday.
Weather permitting, the match will be played on Wednesday.
Translation
Translate the following sentences into English.
1、她误解了自己最好的朋友，感到非常内疚。
She was very guilty about not having understood her best friend.
2、她容貌秀美，举止优雅，很吸引人。
Her good looks and elegant manners are very attractive.
3、显然，他总以为自己的学历和工作经历肯定会给人深刻的印象，但实际并非如此。
Obviously, he takes it for granted that his educational background and work experience are surely impressive. But actually they are not.
4、他引用一位著名艺术评论家的话，为自己的绘画才能增加一点自信心。
By quoting from a well-known art critic, he tried to add a bit of self-confidence to his talents.
Every student has his or her characteristic qualities, such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm. A teacher should not be prejudiced against any of them.
5、每个学生都有自己的不同特点—友善或拘谨，长相平平或漂亮妩媚。教师不应该 歧视中间任何人。
Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1.、As soon as I stopped calling myself Debbie, I felt more comfortable with myself …and other people started to take me more seriously.
我一停止称自己为戴比，我就对自己感到比较舒服了------而且其他人也开始更认真地对待我了。
2、 For better or worse, qualities such as friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm may be suggested by your name and conveyed to other people before they even meet you.
不管是好是歹，诸如友好或拘谨、相貌平平或有漂亮妩媚等品质特征已经与你的名字连在了一起。甚至在他人见到你这个人之前就已经知道了你的这些品质和特征。
3、Names become attached to specific images, as anyone who’s been called “a plain Jane” or “just an average Joe” can show.
名字已成为特定形象的组成部分，任何一个被称为“相貌平平的珍妮”或“普普通通的乔的人都能证明这一点。
4、Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced notions, we’re all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent.
虽然我们中大多数人会认为自己没有这样的偏见看法，但在某种 程度上，我们都有对名字产生固定看法的毛病。
5、A companion study showed girls’ popularity with their peers was also related to the popularity of their names-although the connection was less clear for boys.
一个与之配套的研究表明：女孩受同龄人欢迎的程度也与她们的名字受欢迎的程度有关，虽然对男孩来说这种关系不太明显。
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