大工13春大学英语3辅导资料八
大工13春大学英语3辅导资料八主 题： 对Unit 5的知识扩展、Unit 6的重点单词和短语(上)
学习时间：2013年5月20日－5月26日
内 容：
被动语态
一、构成
英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，其构成为be + 过去分词。例如：
Granny takes care of the girl.（主动）
The girl is taken care of by Granny.（被动）
1. 被动语态各种时态表
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在 am/is/are asked am/is/are being asked has/have been asked
过去 was/were asked was/were being asked had been asked
将来 shall/will be askedshall/will have been asked
2. 情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时，结构为：
一般式：情态动词 (can, could, may, might, must, should, need等) + be + 过去分词
完成式：情态动词 (can, could, may, might, must, should, need等) + have + 过去分词
例如：
This can be done by hand.（这可以手工做。）
The project might have been completed earlier.（这项工程本可以早些完工的。）
3. be going to等不定式结构的被动形式
形式为：
be going to/ be to/ be bound to/ be sure to/ be certain to/ be due to/ be about to/ have (has) to/ + be + 过去分词
例如：
The meeting is going to be held next week.（会议将于下周举行。）
Such people are to be punished.（这种人应受到惩罚。）
The thief is sure to be caught.（那个小偷一定会被抓住的。）
二、被动语态使用要点
1. 不及物动词不能用于被动语态
appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等都属此类动词。例如：
Great changes have been taken place in my hometown.（误）
2. 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态
英语中有些动词（短语动词）不是表示动作，而是表示某种状态或情况，有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意，这类动作不能用于被动语态，常见的有：lack, fit, mean, hold, have, cost, contain, suit, become, consist of, look like等。例如：
The book costs 10 yuan.
3. 主动形式表示被动意义的词
1) 某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等
The flower smells sweet.（花闻起来很香。）
The dish tastes delicious.（菜吃起来非常可口。）
The cloth feels very soft.（这种布摸着很柔软。）
2) 某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加副词）也可以表示被动意义，如：wash, write, sell, read, open, cut, lock, peel, play, shut等
This type of recorder sells well.（这种型号的录音机销路很好。）
That kind of shirt washes very well.（这种衬衫很耐洗。）
The door won’t shut.（这门关不上。）
3) want, need, require, take, won’t bear和worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
The book is worth reading.（这本书值得一读。）
The coat requires mending.（大衣需要补了。）
The children need looking after.（孩子们需要照看。）
The table wants cleaning.（这张桌该擦了。）
4) 某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。
The rock is hard to break.（这块岩石很难打碎。）
The passage is difficult to read.
4. 不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省
在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。例如：
I saw her pass by the window.
She was seen to pass by the window.
三、被动语态的使用范围
1. 不知道或不必指出动作的执行者
The glass is broken.
The audience is asked to keep silence.
2. 强调动作的承受者
A subway will be built in the city.
Mr. Li was elected chairman of the committee.
3. 出于策略、婉转、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者
Any suggestion or criticism is heartily appreciated.
About that project, much has been said but little has been done.
4. It + be + 过去分词 + that从句
这是一种惯用结构，常用的动词有：say, report, expect, prove, suppose等。例如：
It is reported that gold has been found there.（据报导那里发现了黄金。）
It is said that the original painting has been destroyed.（所说原画已经毁掉了。）
NEW WORDS（对Unit 6重点单词的解释（上））
1. aliveadj. 活着的
e.g. Is he still alive?（他还活着吗？）
We want to keep the debate alive.（我们想继续辩论。）
2. celebrationn. 庆祝；庆贺
e.g. We enjoyed a quiet celebration on our own.（我们自己安安静静地庆祝了一番。）
The climax of the celebration was a firework display.（庆祝会的高潮是燃放焰火。）
3. confrontvt. 勇敢坚定地面对；遭遇
e.g. We try to help people confront their problems.（我们试图帮助人们正视问题。）
On my first day at work I was confronted with the task of chairing a meeting.（我第一天上班就面临主持一个会议的任务。）
4. consequencen. 后果；结果
e.g. Work shortages are a consequence of low pay.（工人短缺是工资太低的结果。）
If you get caught, you’ll have to face the consequences.（你一旦被抓住，就得承担后果。）
5. denyvt. 拒绝接受；否认
e.g. Can you deny the truth of his statement?（你能否定他讲的事实吗？）
He as denied all the stories in the newspaper.（他否认了报上所有的新闻报道。）
[搭配] deny doing sth. 否认做过某事
e.g. They denied telling his mother.（他们否认曾告诉过他母亲。）
6. disobeyv. 不服从；违反
e.g. He disobeyed his mother and went to the party.（他不听母亲的话，参加了那次聚会。）
Those who disobey must be punished by law.（违法分子必须受到法律惩罚。）
7. embracev. 拥抱
e.g. The two sisters embraced.（两姐妹互相拥抱。）
She embraced her son tenderly.（她温柔地拥抱儿子。）
8. feastn. 盛宴；宴会
e.g. The king held a feast.（国王举行了一次盛大的宴会。）
What a feast!（多么盛大的宴会！）
9. fortunen. 动气；好运
e.g. She had the good fortune to be free from illness all her life.（她运气好，一生中没有病痛。）
Through all his changing fortunes, he never lost courage.（他一生坎坷，却从未丧失勇气。）
10. freedomn. 自由
e.g. He just stood there, enjoying his first moments of freedom.（他只是站在那儿，享受着片刻乐趣。）
The people there are fighting to gain their freedom from foreign control.（那里的人民正在为摆脱外国统治争取自由而战斗。）
11. jealousadj. 嫉妒的
e.g. He’s jealous of their success.（他嫉妒他们的成功。）
She was a jealous child who never got on with her sisters.（她是个爱嫉妒的孩子，与她的姐妹从来都相处得不好。）
12. mercyn. 宽容；怜悯
e.g. The prisoner begged the judge for mercy.（犯人恳求法官宽恕。）
The king showed no mercy and killed all the prisoners.（这个国王没有宽容心，杀死了所有的犯人。）
统考例题（重点掌握）
1. Five minutes earlier, ________ we could have caught the last train.
A. and B. or C. so D. but
解析：本题考查隐含虚拟条件句。名词短语five minutes earlier，实际相当于if we had arrived five minutes earlier，主句通常由and引出。题意为：如果早到五分钟，我们就可以赶上最后一趟火车。故选A 。
2. A suitcase with shirt, trousers and shoes ________ stolen from the car.
A. have been B. has C. was D. are
解析：本题考查主谓一致问题。本题的主语是a suitcase，谓语动词应该用第三人称单数，不受with的影响，故选答案C。
3. They talked in whispers, but still, I couldn’t help but ________ their conversation.
A. overhear B. to overhear C. overhearing D. overheaerd
解析：本句是一个词组的考查题。can’t help but do sth.意为“不得不做某事”。故选A。
4. The furniture in his room is quite different ________ in yours.
A. from those B. from that
C. from that one D. from those ones
解析：furniture为不可数名词，故不能用those或one代替，而that可指代不可数名词和可数名词。故选B。
5. The government official explained that there’s no point ________ about the cultural gap in that city.
A. to worry B. with them worrying
C. in worrying D. worry
解析：There’s no point (in) doing sth .是固定用法，表示“做……没有什么意义（用处）”等，类似的还有There’s no use (in) doing sth。故选C。
练习题（重点练习）
1. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites ________.
A. was launched B. are launched
C. have been launched D. had been launched
2. Yesterday, Peter ________ a ticket for speeding.
A. gave B. had been given C. was given D. was gave
3. By the time the applicant makes up his mind, the offer ________.
A. will cancel B. will have been cancelled
C. will be canceling D. is cancelled
4. New officers ________ by our club when we hold our next meeting.
A. elected B. expect to elect C. will be elected D. will elect
5. What kind of advice ________ to you?
A. has gave B. was gave C. has been given D. has give
答案：1. C2. C3. B4. C5. C
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