吉大13春《新视野英语（二）》第八章复习资料
吉大13春《新视野英语（二）》第八章There’s a Lot More to Life than a Job课堂笔记主要知识点掌握程度
本章内容分为两个个部分，通过两篇篇文章的学习，我们要了解这一章中涉及的单词和词组、词语搭配和从句的用法、写作技巧和有关和本单元有关的背景知识；除此之外，在第二部分还会有实战练习，即阅读技巧的讲解，能够让大家在学到一些基础知识的基础上，掌握阅读技巧，以便更有效的完成对所需阅读文章的掌握和理解。
知识点整理
一、Pre-reading Activities
Answer the following questions with your own experiences.
1、How do young students and older teachers see the role of education differently?
2、What is “quality of life” and how can it be improved?
3、According to the writer, what must educators prepare students for?
Background Information
1、Macon is a city in the middle part of Georgia, U.S.A. Please visit http://www.maconchamber.org/ for general information about Macon and its surrounding areas. You can also visit http://www.merrill.org/cc/macon/index.html for some information about Macon.
2、Robins Resident Center: It is a service/training center for the U.S. Air Force, which is located in Macon State College. For specific information about he Center, you can check out the web page at http://www.maconstate.edu/about/rrc-map.asp and http://www.robins.af.mil/fsc/FSCWeb-Page/RAP/Resident-Center.htm. You can also visit the web site http://www.maconstate.edu for some information about Macon State College.
3、Humanities: In the context of the reading passage, humanities refers to a broad academic discipline concerned with how people throughout history have expressed, confronted, and understood the complexities of the human condition. It includes such areas of study as Philosophy, Literature, Religion, Art, etc. A brief definition and an official essay on humanities studies can be found at http://charon.sfsu.edu/COURSEWORK/722FOLDER/HUMANITIES/Humideas.html if you are interested in these subjects. Humanities programs at U.S. universities are most often housed in the College of Liberal Arts.
4、Associate degree is awarded to a student after he or she finishes a 2-year study at a junior college in the U.S.
5、Education in the United States is usually divided into 4 levels. In general, these are
kindergarten or pre-school, elementary, secondary, and higher education. The first level is early childhood education. Its purpose is to prepare children for school. The second level is elementary education. Education at this level is divided into 6 or 8 grades. And students can attend all kinds of courses. The third level is secondary education. It is for junior or senior high school students. Some students prepare themselves to go to college, while others take vocational or technical courses to prepare for jobs after graduation. There are many institutions of higher education in the U.S. Students at technical institutes can receive an associate degree after they finish a 2-year program. Then they can continue their study at a 4-year college. For comprehensive information about education and the educational system in the U.S., check out the website at http://www.ed.gov/NLE/USNEI/ if you want to learn more.
6、Social Security is the U.S government system of benefit payments, especially to retired and disabled people and survivors. The web page at http://www.howstuffworks.com/social-security-number.htm explains how the system works in the U.S. For detailed official information about Social Security in the U.S., you can check out the documents at http://www.ssa.gov/history/history.html. In particular, the page at http://www.ssa.gov/history/termorigin.html provides information on the origin of the term “Social Security”. The official web site for the Social Security Administration in the U.S. is located at http://www.ssa.gov.
7、Richard Wagner (1813-1883) is a famous German composer and writer. As a composer, he is well-known for his 13 operas http://users.utu.fi/hansalmi/opera.html and numerous other compositions http://users.utu.fi/hansalmi/other.html. Besides his activity in composition, Wagner wrote an astonishing number of books and articles http://users.utu.fi/hansalmi/appen.html. The literary spectrum ranges from theories of opera to political programs. Richard Wagner is undoubtedly one of the leading figures of the 19th century. He inspired not only musicians and composers but also leaders in many fields.
8、Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), the son of an eminent Dublin surgeon, was among the outstanding Victorian dramatists. He is renowned for a brilliant series of domestic comedies — Lady Windermere’s Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), and An Ideal Husband (1894). To learn more about Oscar Wilde, check out the web site at http://65.107.211.206/victorian/decadence/wilde/wildeov.html. Additional annotated links to websites about Wilde can be found at http://www.showgate.com/tots/gross/wildeweb.html.
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二、Section A
Language Points
1、It has often been remarked that the saddest thing about youth is that it is wasted on the young. (Para. 1)
Meaning: It has often been said that the saddest thing about youth is that youth, i.e. the opportunities, good health, etc. that are available when people are young, are wasted or not appreciated by young people.
人们常常说: 对于青春来说，最令人悲伤的事情莫过于青春在年轻时被浪费掉了。
2、… “If only I knew then what I know now.” (Para. 2) if only:
1) used to express a wish that past events had been different
If only I had gone by taxi. 要是我乘出租车去就好了。
2) used to express a wish or a desire, esp. one that cannot be fulfilled
If only she would marry me! 她要是愿意嫁给我就好了！
3、The survey revealed what I had already suspected from informal polls of students both in Macon and at the Robins Resident Center … (Para. 3)
Meaning: An idea had occurred to me after conducting an informal study of public opinion among students both in Macon and at the Robins Resident Center, and now the survey proved me right.
这份调查报告揭示了我以前在梅肯和罗宾斯学生寄宿中心对学生进行的非正式民意调查的结果：
4、… if it (whatever it may be) won’t compute and you can’t drink it, smoke it or spend it, then “it” holds little value. (Para. 3)
Meaning: If something (no matter what it may be) cannot be counted in terms of money and you cannot drink it, smoke it or spend it, then it is of little value. In short, only material things are of value to young people.
学生们认为如果某种东西 (不管它是何物) 没有实际的经济意义，你不能把它当酒喝、当烟抽、当钱花，那么 "它" 就简直毫无价值。
if it ... won’t compute: if it ... can’t be counted in terms of money
5、…Here the verb “compute” is used in notional passive, that is, it is active in form but passive in meaning. More examples of notional passive:
The book translates well. 这本书很好翻译。
This material washes easily. 这种衣料容易洗涤。
6、… today’s college beginners are “more consumeristic and less idealistic” than at any time in the seventeen years of the poll. (Para. 4)
Meaning: The poll has been conducted for seventeen years, and it reveals that college beginners nowadays think of consuming goodmore than ever, and believe in idealism less than ever.
当今的大学新生比这项民意测验开始以来的17年中的任何时候的大学新生都 "更主张消费，但少了点理想"。
consumeristic: a. believing in spending money and buying goods
idealistic: a. trying to live according to high principles and perfect standards
7、…is to be financially well off. (Para. 5) well off: in a good position, esp. financially
The government claims that most people are better off than they were five years ago. 政府声称大多数人比五年前富裕。
Only those who are well off can afford this house. 这幢房子只有有钱人才买得起。
8、Accordingly，today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting. (Para. 5)
因此，如今最受欢迎的课程不是文学或历史，而是会计学。
accordingly: ad.
1） for the reason; so
She was angry and accordingly refused to attend the meeting. 她很生气，因此拒绝参加会议。
2） in a manner that is suggested by what is known or has been said
Please inform us of your decision and we will act accordingly. 请把你们的决定通知我们, 我们会照办的。
9、Interest in teaching, social service and the humanities is at a low, along with ethnic and women’s studies. (Para. 6)
Meaning: Students show little interest in subjects like teaching, social service and the arts; nor are they interested in ethnic or women’s studies.
如今人们对当教师、社会服务和人文学科、还有种族和妇女研究的兴趣都处于低潮。
at a low: at a low level or figure
Share prices have been at an all-time low. 股票价格已跌到历史最低点。
10、… along with ethnic and women’s studies. (Para. 6)
along with: together with
Jack escaped from the prison along with two other prisoners. 杰克和另外两名囚犯一起越狱逃跑了。
11、I tremble to think what she’s earning now. (Para. 8) Meaning: I am shocked when I think of the amount of money she must be making now (that is, she must be making a tremendous amount of money now).
一想到她现在所赚的钱，我真感到不寒而栗了。
12、But why can’t we have it both ways? Can’t we educate people for life as well as for a career? (Para. 9)
Meaning: But why can’t people achieve satisfaction both in life and in work? Isn’t it possible for us to educate people not only for a good job but also for a full life?
但是我们为什么不能两全其美呢！ 我们能不能教会人们既懂得谋生, 又懂得去成就一番事业?
13、Can’t we educate people for life as well as for a career? (Para. 9)
as well as: in addition to
He was appointed general manager for his rich experience as well as excellent educational background.
他由于学历高和工作经验丰富而被任命为总经理。
He gave the poor woman a temporary job as well as some money.
他给那个可怜的女人提供了一份临时的工作，还给了她一些钱。
14、If we can not, then that is a conviction against our educational system… (Para. 10)
conviction: n. the thing (or things) one deeply believes in
他坚信自己总是正确的。
15、In a time of increasing specialization, a time when 90 percent of all the scientists who have ever lived are currently alive, more than ever, we need to know what is truly important in life. (Para. 10)
Meaning: Nowadays, people are becoming more in favor of specialization and 90 % of all the scientists are still alive, i.e. there are far more scientists working today than ever before in human history. So it is now more critical and important than ever for us to know what is really important in life.
在一个日益专业化的时代，在一个本时代所有科学家的90%现在都还健在的时代里，我们比过去任何时候更需了解什么是生活中真正重要的东西。
16、This is where age and maturity enter. (Para. 11) Meaning: Age and maturity help people realize what is truly important in life.
17、… finally arrive at the inevitable conclusion that they were meant to do more than serve a corporation,… (Para. 11)
arrive at: come to / draw / reach (a conclusion, etc.)
be meant to: be supposed to
We are meant to fill in a tax form and pay income tax every year. 每年我们都得填写税单并缴纳所得税。
corporation: n. a business company
a multi-national corporation 跨国公司
18、Most of us finally have the insight that quality of life is not entirely determined by a balance sheet. (Para. 12)
Meaning: Most of us finally understand that our quality of life is not totally decided by our financial situation.
balance sheet: a statement of how much money has come in and how much money has gone out
我们大多数人最终会大彻大悟, 生活质量并不完全是由资产负债表来决定的。
19、… but we also want to feel we have a perspective on the world beyond the confines of our occupation … (Para. 12)
Meaning: …but we also want to feel that we have an understanding of the world outside our career ...
have a perspective on: have a your own way of looking at and judging (sth.)
但是我们还希望能感受到自己对职业范围以外的世界是有着透彻的理解的；
20、… we want to be able to render service to … (Para. 12)
render: vt.
1） give, offer (help, assistance, service, etc.)
The staff rendered first-class service and all the guests were quite satisfied. 工作人员提供了一流的服务，客人们十分满意。
2） cause sb. / sth. to be in a particular state
His fatness renders him unable to touch his toes. 他身体肥胖, 无法用手触及脚趾。
21、…the meaning of life does not dawn until middle age,… (Para. 13)
人们步入中年时才对人生的含义有所领悟的话
dawn (on / upon): vi. grow clear in one’s mind
The truth began to dawn upon the poor man. 这个可怜的人慢慢明白了真相。
22、Most people, in their youth, resent the Social Security deductions from their pay, yet a seemingly few short years later find themselves standing anxiously by the mailbox. (Para. 13)
Meaning: Most people, when they are still young, feel unhappy about the amount of money taken away from their pay for Social Security. But after what seems like just a few years, they are old enough to receive money from the Social Security program and they are always eager to get it in the mail.
大多数人在年轻的时候怨恨社会保障制度从他们工资中扣钱，然而好像只是短短几年后，他们就发觉自己正焦急地站在信箱旁边 (等待养老金支票)了。
23、… preferably a prosperous one,… (Para. 14)
preferably: ad. desirably above anything else
Doing some exercise, preferably in the fresh air, will surely be good for your health. 做一些运动肯定对你的健康有益，尤其是在空气新鲜的地方做更好。
preferable (to): a. more desirable
A house with a garden in an area outside the city is preferable to an apartment downtown. 城市郊区带花园的房子比市中心的公寓更理想。
24、…it is equally true that our civilization has collected an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own. (Para. 14)
Meaning: It is also true that an enormous amount of knowledge has been collected in all fields, many of which are not really related to our own.
但同样确实的是我们的文明已经在远远超越我们各自业务的领域里积累了数量惊人的知识。
incredible: a. impossible or very difficult to believe
He was absent from class and he gave an incredible excuse. 他没来上课, 提出的借口令人难以置信。
25、And we are better for our understanding of these other contributions — be they scientific or artistic. (Para. 14)
Meaning: And we are better off through understanding these contributions — no matter which field they are in, science or art.
而且正因为我们理解了这些在其他领域的贡献--不管它们是科学方面的，还是艺术方面的贡献--我们才变得更有本领了。
contribution: n. action of giving (money, support, help or ideas) towards a particular aim or purpose; sth. given towards a particular aim or purpose
He has made an important contribution to the company’s success. 他对公司的成功作出了重要贡献。
26、Weekly we read of unions … (Para. 15)
read of: find out about sb. / sth. by reading
I once read of this place in one of the books piled here. 我在这堆书中的哪一本里读到过这个地方。
27、…only to drive their employer out of business. (Para. 15)
out of business: no longer able to operate as a business
Lately, shops have had to pay more every month for the space they use. These increases could put a lot of small shops out of business.近来商店的铺面月租金提高了。这会使许多小店铺关门歇业。
28、But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. (Para. 16)
Meaning: But the most important thing that supports the need for a broad education is that by gaining a lot of different knowledge from the work of others, we can better tell what is right and what is wrong.
但是赞成宽泛教育的最重要的理由是, 在学习世世代代积累起来的知识的同时，我们也提高了自己的道德感。
29、… “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?” (Para. 16)
distinguish (one thing) from (another) / distinguish between (two things): understand the difference between
How can he be a judge if he can’t distinguish right from wrong? 如果他不能明辨是非，怎么能当法官呢？
30、But he also hosted a classical music show on the college’s FM station... (Para. 17)
但是他也曾在大学调频电台上主持过一档古典音乐节目，
host: vt. act as a host of (i.e. to introduce, invite and/or take care of the guests during an event, TV show, etc.)
Beijing is going to host the 2008 Olympics. 北京将主办2008年奥运会。
31、Oscar Wilde had it right when he said we ought to give our ability to our work but our genius to our lives. (Para. 18)
Meaning: Oscar Wilde was right to say that people should develop their career/work through the use of their abilities, but also should give the fullness of their mental skills and artistic abilities to make their lives more complete.
奥斯卡•王尔德说得好：我们应该把我们的才能用到工作中去，而把我们的天赋投入到我们的生活中去。
Exercise
Answer the following questions.
1、What is the conclusion drawn from the survey based on the responses from over 188,000 students?
Today’s college beginners are more consumeristic and less idealistic than at any time in the seventeen years of the poll.
2、What do students think about the importance of developing a meaningful philosophy of life?
It is less important than being financially well off or successful.
3、What do most people between 30 and 50 finally become aware of ?
Work is not the only thing they live for, and they are meaning to do more.
4、According to the text, what is the duty of educational institutions?
To help students become aware of the meaning of life earlier.
5、What does education teach us to see?
Education teaches us to see the connections between things as well as see beyond our immediate needs.
6、How can we improve our moral sense?
We can improve our moral sense by acquiring knowledge accumulated throughout ages.
7、What is the implication of the cartoon mentioned in the text?
Without proper education, it will be more and more difficult for people to develop their moral sense.
8、What is the writer’s hope for education?
He hope educators will not only prepare students for a career but also help them realize that there is a lot more to life than a job.
Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.
Formal accumulate contribute preferable
Confine weekly puzzle according
Incredible salary render classical
1、He is always ready to help to【 _render 】 others, so he is the most respectable person in the neighborhood.
2、He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his 【contribution 】to world peace.
3、The young husband and wife go to the market every Friday to do their 【weekly 】shopping.
4、Single lines of plants are 【preferably 】 double rows for ease of weeding and hoeing.(锄整)
5、My possessions, my desires, my friends, my knowledge, my 【accumulated 】belongings — all of them belong to you.
6、How 【 _incredible ！】 The male student who seldom attends class has got the highest mark this time.
7、It is important to 【 _confine 】your speech to the subject.
8、The young man worked hard to get an increase in 【salary】
Rewrite each of follow sentences using the expressions given in parentheses.
1、The 12-year-old boy’s goal is to become a specialist in Western history in the future.(specialize in)
The 12-year-old boy’s goal is to specialize in Western history in the future.
2、it is unnecessary to worry a lot. in fact, things will get better over a long period in the future.(in the long run)
It is unnecessary to worry a lot. in fact, things will get better in the long run.
3、The little girl likes her dog so much that she gives it a piece of chocolate every day.(be fond of)
The little girl is so fond of her dog that she gives it a piece of chocolate every day.
4、I smiled a smile that was supposed to signify interest in this excursion, but Carla was far too intelligent to believe it showed anything of the sort.
I smiled a smile that was meant to signify interest in this excursion, but Carla was far too intelligent to believe it showed anything of the sort.
5、just think what would happen if every single woman was engaged in a strike and refused to do housework.(go on strike)
Just think what would happen if every single woman went on strike and refused to do housework.
6、But a nation now showing so much pride of its right to freedom of speech could not protect British institutions from criticism.(proud of )
But a nation so proud of its right to freedom of speech could not protect British institutions from criticism.
7、More and more students want to be enrolled in engineering courses.(be way up)
The number of students who want to be enrolled in engineering courses is way up.
8、If we want to arrive there in time, we have to travel both by night and by day.(as well as)
If we want to arrive there in time, we have to travel by night as well as by day.
Word Building
Some suffixes are used to form adjectives. Study the examples given below and then write the adjective formed from each of the following words. Make changes in spelling where necessary.
Examples:
friend n.+-ly friendly
dead a.+-ly deadly
attract v.+-ive attractive
act v.+-ive active
revolution n.+-ary revolutionary
element n.+-aryelementary
1.week 【_weekly 】 2.act 【active 】
3.world_【worldly 】 4.cost_【 _costly 】
5.second【secondly 】 6.leisure 【leisurely 】
7.earth 【earthly 】 8.custom 【customary 】
9.protect 【protective 】 10.progress 【progressive 】
11.sick_【sickly 】 12.moment【momentary 】
13.man【manly】 14.order 【orderly 】
The suffix-ly is added to adjectives to form adverbs with the meaning of in a…manner. For example,
Happy+ -ly — happily: in a happy manner
Strange+-ly — strangely: in a strange manner
The suffix —wards is added to nouns or prepositions to form adverbs with the meaning of manner and direction of movement. For example,
Home+-ward(S)— homeward(S): towards home
Out +-ward(S)— outward(S): towards the outside
Now Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word given in brackets, using eitherthe suffix –ly or the suffix-–word(s) depending on the context.
1、I walked 【 _Backward(s) 】_down the stairs, carrying the heavy box with my brother.(back)
2、He often comes here, but 【strangely 】 enough, I have never met him.(strange)
3、The door opens【 Outward(s) 】_into the huge garden in front of the house.(out)
4、He worked so hard that 【 _Eventually 】_he made himself ill.(eventual)
5、Night was falling as John left his office and drove【Homeward(s)】(home)
6、The family has lived in this country for many years, but 【originally 】they came from France.(original)
7、If you think you can get money from him you are 【sadly 】mistaken; he never lends anything to anyone.(sad)
8、They screamed when the walls fell 【Inward(S) 】(in)
Structure
Rewrite the following sentences after the model, emphasizing the italicized pars by putting them at the beginning of the sentence.
Model: Developing a meaningful philosophy of life is less important than ever.
Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
1、They will give up the plan on no account.
On no account will they give up the plan.
2、He knows little how much his parents love him.
Little does he know how much his parents love him.
3、He did not realize what a serious mistake he lad made until he read the report.
Not until he read the report did he realize what a serious mistake he had made.
4、The poor old man could hardly fall asleep with a pain in his leg.
Hardly could the poor old man fall asleep with a pain in his leg.
5、We will give in to their demands under no conditions.
Under no conditions will we give in to their demands.
Combine the following sentences using the conjunction while
1、I agree it is a tough problem. I don’t think it cannot be solved.
While I agree it is a tough problem, I don’t think it cannot be solved.
2、Sara cannot come to help us. She will give us some suggestions.
While Sara cannot come to help us, she will give us some suggestions.
3、People admit pollution is very serious. Few are willing to take any measures.
While people admit pollution is very serious , few are willing to take any measures.
4、It’s raining hard now. It will clear up anytime.
While it’s raining hard now, it will clear up anytime.
5、It is true we need money badly. We cannot steal it.
While it is true we need money badly, we cannot steal it.
Translation
Translate the following into English.
1、他给了我一些 建议,同时还给了我一笔钱让我开个小公司.所以现在我也想用积累的钱给别人提供一些帮助.
As well as some advice, he gave me a certain amount of money to start a small business. So now I want to render help to others with money I’ve accumulated.
2、从一项非正式的民意调查来看,大多数人希望缩短工作时间,因为他们意识到除了工作,生活中还有很多别的东西.
According to an informal poll, most people hope the working hours will be reduced, because they’ve realized that there is a lot more to life than a job.
3、这些艺术家把一生都献给了艺术,为艺术事业作出了巨大的贡献.
These artists devoted all their life to art, and made great contributions to the artistic field.
4、在每周例会上,每个人的发言都不能离开会议议题.
At the weekly meeting, every one must confine his remarks to the subject.
5、要是我没说那些愚蠢的话多好呀!那时我太年轻,不能明辨是非。
If only I hadn’t said those silly words！ I was too young then to distinguish right from wrong.
Translate the following into Chinese.
1、The survey revealed what I had already suspected from informal polls of students both in Macon and at the Robins Resident Center: if it (whatever it may be )won’t compute and you can’t drink it, smoke it or spend it, then “it” holds little value.
这份调查报告揭示了我以前在梅肯和罗宾斯学生寄宿中心对学生进行的非正式民意调查的结果： 学生们认为如果某种东西 (不管它是何物) 没有实际的经济意义，你不能把它当酒喝、当烟抽、当钱花，那么 "它" 就简直毫无价值。
2、Interest in teaching ,social service and the humanities is at a low, along with ethnic and women’s studies. On the other hand ,enrollment in business programs ,engineering and computer science i9s way up.
如今人们对当教师、社会服务和人文学科、还有种族和妇女研究的兴趣都处于低潮。 另一方面，攻读商科、工程学及计算机科学的学生人数却在迅速增加。
3、But why can’t we have it both ways? Can’t we educate people for life as well as for a career?
但是我们为什么不能两全其美呢！ 我们能不能教会人们既懂得谋生, 又懂得去成就一番事业?
4、This is where age and maturity enter. Most people, somewhere between the ages of 30 and 50,finally arrive at the inevitable conclusion that they were meant to do more thanserve a corporation, a government agency, or whatever.
这就是年龄和成熟带给人的诠悟。 大多数年龄约在30至50岁之间的人都会最终得出一个必然的结论,即他们不应该仅仅是为某个公司、某个政府机构或任何其他单位服务。
5、Let’s hope our educators answer students’ cries for career education, but at the same time let’s ensure that students are prepared for theday when they realize their shortsightedness.
我们希望我们的教育工作者能满足学生对职业教育的渴求，但与此同时，我们也要确保学生能为他们认识到自己短视的那一天作好准备。
Essay Summary
XI Choose the best one of the three answers given to fill in each blank.
I have always felt that youth is _1_on the young. Well, _2_I have felt that way since I passed _3_age!If only I could go _4_to college now! I _5_work_6_harder to learn a foreign language. I wouldtake_7_things more seriously. I would_8_more energy to develop my _9_sense.I would even study harder in the field I _10_. Of course I can’t go back,_11_I hope you can _12_from my experience. Your generation enjoys an incredible amount of knowledge in_13_fields .Stand_14_on the contributions made by others! As you study_15_wisdom of others,learn_16_to think. Then use your strength to build a _17_world for the next generation. In the _18_run you will find that this way of _19_can help you become well off _20_happy.
1、A wasted B gone C lost
2、A besides B in addition C. at least
3、A center B middle C. central
4、A. backward B. back C. backly
5、A would B should C can
6、A harder B. hardly C hard
7、A art B artistic C. artistically
8、A take B. cost C. spend
9、A formal B moral C. immoral
10、A specialized B. specialist inC. specialized in
11A.but B furthermore C. and
12A learn B. know C. understand
13A every B a few C. many
14 A proud B proudly C. pride
15A the B a C .those
16A when B. whether C. how
17A good B .better C. best
18A long B. big C. great
19A standing B thinking C. learning
20A as well as B .instead of C besides.
Text Structure Analysis
Now have a look at Paragraphs 5 to 7 to find out how young people are becoming more consumeristic.
Not surprising in these hard times, the students' major objective "is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life."Accordingly, today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.
Interest in teaching, social service and the humanities is at a low, along with ethnic and women's studies. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is
That's no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of college instructors during her first year on the job -even before she completed her two-year associate degree.
The main part of Paragraph 5 puts forward an argument: Developing a meaningful philosophy of life is less important than ever
Facts to support the argument:
Accordingly, today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting. Interest in teaching, social service and the humanities is at a low, along with ethnic and women's studies. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.
Fact to support the argument: A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of college instructors during her first year on the job -even before she completed her two-year associate degree.
三、Section B Are You a Workaholic?
Reading Skills
Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions
As we learned in Unit 3, most reading passages contain ideas based on fact and opinion. It is very important to know when we are reading facts and when we are reading an author’s opinion. The ability to distinguish between facts and opinions can help us to achieve a deeper level of understanding in our reading.
Facts are statements that tell what really happened or what really is the case. A fact can be proved or disproved with direct evidence. It is something known by actual experience or observation. For example:
A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of college instructors during her first year on the job — even before she completed her two-year associate degree. (Para. 7, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
Opinions are statements of belief, judgment or feeling. They show what someone thinks or feels about a subject. Solid opinions, of course, are based on facts. However, opinions are still somebody’s view of something and are not facts themselves. Look at the following example:
Most of us finally have the insight that quality of life is not entirely determined by a balance sheet. (Para. 12, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
But it is not always easy to tell opinion from fact. A writer often combines the two in such a way that we do not always notice where fact ends and opinion begins. When we have a mixture of fact and opinion in a single statement, we must decide whether the main point of the sentence is essentially fact or opinion. Sometimes an opinion is presented as if it were a fact:
According to the survey based on responses from over 188,000 students, today’s college beginners are "more consumeristic and less idealistic" than at any time in the seventeen years of the poll. (Para. 4, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
The particular reading skill introduced for this unit is distinguishing between facts and opinions. The ability to distinguish between facts and opinions is important because it can help us to achieve a deeper level of understanding in our reading.
Facts are statements that tell what really happened or what really is the case. A fact can be proved or disproved with direct evidence. It is something known by actual experience or observation. Look at the following example taken from Reading Passage A:
Interest in teaching, social service and the humanities is at a low, along with ethnic and women’s studies. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up. (Para. 6, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
This sentence tells us about a current state of affairs: certainly it is a statement of fact.
Opinions are statements of belief, judgment or feeling. They show what someone thinks or feels about a subject. Some words can serve as clues to statements of some kind of opinion. For example, probably, perhaps, usually, often, sometimes, and on occasion are used to limit a statement of fact and to indicate the possibility of other opinions. Other words, such as I believe, I think, in my opinion, I feel, and I suggest, say clearly that an opinion will follow. Look at the following examples:
1. It has often been remarked that the saddest thing about youth is that it is wasted on the young. (Para. 1, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
2. More importantly, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs. (Para. 14, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
3. In the long run that’s what education really ought to be about. I think it can be. (Para. 17, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
4. That’s the way it should be. Oscar Wilde had it right when he said we ought to give our ability to our work but our genius to our lives. (Para. 18, Reading Passage A, Unit 8)
But it is not always easy to tell opinion from fact. A writer often combines the two in such a way that we do not always notice where fact ends and opinion begins. When we have a mixture of fact and opinion in a single statement, we must decide whether the main point of the sentence is essentially fact or opinion. Sometimes an opinion is presented as if it were a fact:
If it is a fact that the meaning of life does not dawn until middle age, is it then not the duty of educational institutions to prepare the way for the revelation? (Para. 13, Reading Passage A, Unit
Language points
1、Back in the good old days of stable economic expansion … (Para. 1)
Meaning: Back in a “better” period of time when there was steady growth in the economy…
回顾过去经济平稳发展的好时光
2、That’s not for me: I am going to play it safe in life. I am going to stay in my home town and have a nice comfortable career in a salaried job. (Para. 1)
Meaning: Something new, exciting, and creative in life is not suitable for me. I’ll be more cautious and prefer to stay in my home town and find a good, comfortable job with a salary.
那不是我要做的工作，我打算在生活中稳扎稳打。 我打算留在我家乡，找一个舒适的、拿薪水的好工作。
play (it) safe: carefully avoid risks
I don’t think it will rain today, but I will play (it) safe and take a raincoat.
我想今天不会下雨, 但为保险起见还是带上雨衣。
3、That second choice no longer exists for the vast majority of Americans. (Para. 1)
Meaning: For most Americans, it is now impossible to stay in such a safe career as is described in the second choice.
对绝大多数美国人来说, 上述第二种选择已不复存在。
4、No wonder young people are disaffected. No wonder they are not motivated to learn. (Para. 2)
Meaning: It is not surprising that young people nowadays are not satisfied or loyal. Itis not surprising that they have no motivation for study.
难怪年青人会感到不满意, 也难怪他们没有学习动力。
disaffected: a. dissatisfied and lacking loyalty
Some of the government’s most loyal supporters are now becoming disaffected.
政府的一些最忠诚的支持者现在正变得越来越不满了。
5、No wonder they are not motivated to learn. (Para. 2)
no wonder: it is not surprising …
She was caught in a shower? No wonder she is not feeling well.
她被阵雨淋着了？难怪她觉得身体不舒服。
6、…they are not motivated to learn. (Para. 2)
motivate:
1) cause to want to do sth.
We have to try and motivate our sales people.我们得设法调动销售员的积极性。
2) be the reason for (sb.’s action); cause (sb.) to act in a particular way
This murder was motivated by greed and hatred. 这宗谋杀案的动机是贪婪和仇恨。
7、Young men, in particular, … (Para. 3)
in particular: especially
In particular, I admire the woman writer Virginia Wolf. 我尤其钦佩女作家弗吉尼亚•沃尔夫。
8、… while nearly 90% are committed to having both a career and a marriage based on equality. (Para. 3)
Meaning: … while nearly 90% of female students want to have a job and get marriedat the same time, with an equal status within the family.
而差不多占90%的女生则决心既要有一份职业，又要有一个以男女平等为基础的婚姻。
9、… while nearly 90% are committed to having both a career and a marriage… (Para. 3)
commit oneself to (doing / do) sth.: firmly decide to do sth. or have sth.
The government has promised to commit itself to keep peace. (or: The government has promised to be committed to peace.)
政府许诺要致力于维持和平。
Signing this form commits you to buying the goods.
你在这表格上签了字就得买这些货。
10、By comparison, nearly half of male high-school students express their preference for a traditional, male-headed, one provider, nuclear family, … (Para. 4)
Meaning: Compared with female students, nearly half of male students prefer a traditional, male-dominated family consisting of father, mother, and children, with the father being the only bread-earner.
与此相比, 几乎有一半男中学生表达了他们对传统的、以男人为家长的、只有一个人养家糊口的核心家庭的偏爱，
preference: n.
1) (sing.) a liking for sth. (more than sth. else)
He always drinks red wine in preference to white.
他总爱喝红葡萄酒, 而不是白葡萄酒。
2) a thing that is liked better or best
I don’t know your preferences, so please help yourself. 我不知你喜欢吃什么, 请你自便吧。
11、… the only two job fields that consistently receive large numbers of responses in open surveys are “professional athlete” and “media personality”. (Para. 4)
Meaning: Open surveys reveal that the only two jobs that are regularly a popular choice with male students are being a professional sportsman or a famous person working for the media.
在公开调查中仅有两类行业的工作经常收到大量的反馈，那就是"职业运动员"和"媒体从业者"。
12、A large proportion of America’s young men ... (Para. 4)
proportion: n.
1) a comparative part or share of a whole
A large proportion of the children come to school by bike.
很大一部分孩子骑自行车上学。
2) relation of one thing to another in quantity, size, etc.
The proportion of men to women in the population has changed in recent years.
人口中男女比率近年来已发生了变化。
13、If these people do not acquire some constructive vision of purpose for themselves, they are likely to be very destructive forces of resistance in society throughout their lives. (Para. 5)
Meaning: If these people can’t find a positive idea about the purpose of their lives, it is possible that, for all their lives, they will be negative forces within society.
如果这些人不在自己的人生目标中树立起某种积极向上的观点，他们就很有可能一辈子都是社会上极具破坏性的反抗力量。
14、… acquire some constructive vision of … (Para. 5)
vision: n. an idea；a picture seen in the mind
He has a very clear vision of the future.
他对未来有非常清晰明确的构想。
15、… are currently “disaffected and disconnected”. (Para. 5)
Meaning: … are now dissatisfied with everything, do not act loyally or obey others, and seem to have little relationship with other members of society.
现在已 "心存不满，与社会格格不入"。
16、These are the folks who are joining the gangs in inner cities… (Para. 5)
gang: n. a group of people who go around together, socialize together, cause trouble together and are often involved in criminal activities
Don’t get mixed up with that gang. They are making trouble everywhere.
不要和这帮人混在一起。他们到处惹事生非。
17、…the gangs in inner cities… (Para. 5)
inner city: the central part of a city, esp. an area with a high (usu. poor) population, and old buildings in poor condition
The government plans an extensive building program to bring new life to the inner cities.
政府正制订大规模建筑规划, 以振兴旧城区。
18、… and swelling the ranks of the rural military gangs. (Para. 5)
Meaning: … and expanding the size and number of armed gangs in rural areas by joining them.
swell: v.
1) (cause to) become greater
We asked them to come to the meeting to swell the numbers.
我们叫他们来参加会议以壮声势。
2) (cause sth. to) become larger
His knee swelled up after the fall.
摔跤后他的膝盖肿起来了。
19、So this is a very pregnant moment, not only for the future of America, but also for all of the mature industrial economies and, ultimately, for the world at large. (Para. 6)
Meaning: So this time in history is full of meaning and/or emotion, not only for the future of America, but also for all developed industrial countries, and finally, for the world in general.
因此这是个至关重要的时刻，这不仅仅对美国的未来、而且对所有成熟的工业化国家，并且最终对整个世界来说都是至关重要的。
20、… familiar patterns fade, familiar solutions fail, and familiar options disappear. (Para. 6)
Meaning: …we do not live our lives, solve our problems, or make our choices in the same way as we used to.
熟悉的模式在消退，熟悉的解决办法在失效，熟悉的选择在消失。
21、… the books and periodicals that are warning society about the removal of jobs, … (Para. 6)
Meaning: … the books and magazines or newspapers that are warning society about the danger of unemployment,...
22、… and wage decreases only serve to increase public anxiety -- a slow-motion variation of shouting “Fire!” in a crowded theater. (Para. 6)
Meaning: …and (reading articles about) wages that are getting smaller and smaller will only cause the public to feel more anxious — this will surely result in a dangerous confusion and panic, just like a slow-motion version of the panic that results from someone shouting “Fire!” in a crowded theater.
23、These alarming forecasts are largely simple projections of the past two or three decades of workplace trends. (Para. 7)
Meaning: These alarming forecasts are mainly simple predictions about the future, based on the way employment trends have been changing during the past twenty or thirty years.
这些令人惊恐的预测基本上是过去20或30年时间里的职业领域趋势的简单写照。
24、These alarming forecasts are largely projections of the past two or three decades of workplace trends. (Para. 7)
projection: n. a guess of future possibilities, esp. based on the general direction of events at a particular time
These figures show our projection of the town’s population increase in the next ten years.
这些数字反映了我们对未来十年这个城市人口增长的预测。
25、… in the absence of plausible alternative explanations for the gloomy economic news of the past 15 — 20 years and the gloomier prospects implicit in the projections of those trends, … (Para. 7)
Meaning: … being unable to find any other explanations that may account for thefrustrating economic news of the past 15— 20 years and for an even worse future predicted by those trends,…
由于对过去15-20年里令人感到沮丧的经济新闻和对那些趋势的反映中暗含的更为令人感到沮丧的前景没能作出其他令人信服的解释，
26、… in the absence of plausible alternative explanations for… (Para. 7)
alternative:
1) a. that can be had, used, etc. instead of sth.
There are alternative ways of working out the puzzle.
还有其他的方法可以用来解开这个谜。
2) n. sth. that can be had, used, etc. instead of sth.
Is there no alternative to solve that problem?
就没有别的办法可以解决那个问题了吗？
27、…for the gloomy economic news … (Para. 7)
gloomy: a.
1) (that makes people) sad and disappointed
Our future seems gloomy. 我们的前景似乎很黯淡。
He is such a gloomy person; you can never get him to smile. 他是如此郁郁寡欢, 你根本没法让他脸上露出笑容来。
2) dark or unlighted
We ran past the gloomy corner. 我们跑着穿过那个阴暗的角落。
28、These steps will principally serve the interests of the economically dominant groups who want to protect their assets and resources from the forces of change. (Para. 7)
Meaning: These steps will be taken mainly in the interest of those economic groups who hold domination and want to protect their properties from damage caused by change.
这些措施主要是为那些经济上处于支配地位的集团服务，这些集团希望保护他们的资产和资源不因变革而受损
29、principally: ad. for the most part, mainly, chiefly
The decrease in our sales is principally because the market is becoming smaller.
销售额的下降主要是因为市场缩小了。
principal: a. main
My principal reason for leaving that job was the unfair treatment I received.
我辞职的主要原因是受到了不公平的待遇。
30、…of the economically dominant groups who want to protect their assets and resources from the forces of change. (Para. 7)
economically dominant groups: groups of people who hold more important positions than any other groups in the economy, normally due to having greater wealth
assets and resources: money, property and any other type of reserves means
31、Social and economic progress will grind to a halt… (Para. 7)
grind to a halt: ( economy, progress, etc.) gradually becomes slower or less active until (it) stops
The peace progress ground to a halt and both parties went back to the battlefield.
和平进程渐渐停顿了下来，双方又回到了战场上。
32、The anger and frustration displayed by people ... (Para. 7)
display: vt.
1） show signs of having (a quality or emotion, etc.)
She displayed great self-control when they told her the news.
当他们把消息告诉她时, 她表现出极大的自制力。
2） put sth. on show
It’s the first time the painting has been displayed to the public.
这幅画是首次公开展览。
Exercises
Comprehension of the text
Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the reading text.
1、In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a steady growth in the U.S. economy.
2、 In good old days, all people chose to have a nice comfortable career in a salaried job.
3、It has now become impossible for most Americans to hold a long-term salaried job.
4、All American young men know what they are going to do in the future.
5、Young Americans who can’t find a position in socity feel angry about their future. T
6、According to the text, this is a pregnant moment only for major industrial economies. F
7、Now we are at a moment in history when no great changes take place in our lives. F
8、People have got used to being without a job and to getting lower pay , so they will not feel more and more anxious as they read periodicals about the economy. F
Vocabulary
Replace the underlined words or expressions in the following sentences with words from the text that best keep the original meaning.
1、Why don’t you get rid of these unnecessary words ? It will make your article much better.
eliminate
2、She showed no sign of happiness after the good news.
displayd
3、This point is implied, not clearly stated.
implicit
4、A large percentage of birds in this area will die in the end if they are not protected.
proportion
5、It is generally accepted that people are pulled to act by success and that is easier to work towards realistic short –term targets.
motivated
6、The country faced the possibility of a winter without food and without energy; the government was trying to find a way out.
prospect
7、According to the request of the company director, management had been given priority in comparison to profitable or productive work.
preference
8、What Marx is trying to build up in his imagination is what it would be like to exist in such a different type of society.
construct
Rescue these sentences！An underachieving student wrote the sentences below, trying to use an expression from the text in each one--- but he got all the prepositions mixed up. Correct all the sentences, using expressions from the text, then put a definition, synonym or translation of the corrected expression in the space provided.
1、I love literature and admire a lot of famous writer, and I like Ernest Hemingway on particular.
Correct form:_[ In particular ] Synonym_[ especially ]
2、She planned to visit New York, Beijing, Paris and manyother cities. By short , she wanted to go to many big cities around the world.
Correct form_[ In short ] synonym
3、I wonder whether you are committed by working here for life.
Correct form Synonym
4. The manager based his decision with his assistant’s report.
Correct form [ _Based…on ] synonym_[ Used…as a basis for ]
5、With comparison, this girl is more elegant and intelligent than her big sister.
Correct form synonym: [ _Compared to(her big sister )
6、Do you know that employees by large are complaining about the new policy.
Correct form: [ _At large ]synonym:_[ _generally ]
7、Nevertheless, the wording of the document is not entirely clearand straightforward, and no doubt some officials decided to play it safely.
Correct form: [ _Play it safe ]_ synonym: -[ _Carefully avoid risks ]
8、Other types of skin cancer are associated by continued exposure to the sun over a long period.
Correct form: _[ _Associated with ]_synonym:
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