黄老师 发表于 2013-8-8 09:43:11

大工13春《大学英语4》辅导资料十

大工13春《大学英语4》辅导资料十
主    题:对Unit 7的语法点——分词的讲解(3)
学习时间:2013年6月3日-6月9日
内    容:
分词的用法(本课难点)
5. 作句子独立成分
分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。
例如:
Flags flying, the army men marched in the streets. 旗帜飘扬,军队在街上行进。
    All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全部折断,半死不活地躺着。
   
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
例如:
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together.我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。 (现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作,它们之间是主动关系。)
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given 表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系。)
We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide.我们到那山洞探险,彼得做向导。(独立主格)
The train having gone, we had to wait another day.火车已去,我们只好在等一天。(独立主格)
分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but, and),因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。
例如:
误:Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
正:He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
正:Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it
给他讲了许多遍,他还是不懂。
注意:
(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。
例如:
   Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people there.
( = When I looked out of the window, I saw lots of people there.)
我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window 的逻辑主语,就是句子的主语I)
(2)在see, hear, watch, notice 等动词后,用动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。
例如:
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment. 我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验)
    We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment. 我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教室的一刹那间,看见老师正在做实验)
    I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back. 我看见他走进房间,打开抽屉,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去。(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时,用动词不定式。)
I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret. 我注意到他们坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。(表示几个同时正在进行的动作,用现在分词)
(3)在“have + 宾语 + 分词”的结构中,用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。
在“have + 宾语 + 现在分词”的结构中,现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让(叫、使、听任、允许)客体做的,或使客体保持或处于某种状态。
例如:
He had the fire burning day and night. 他让火日夜燃烧着。
    Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation. 父亲让我整个暑假天天游泳。
    We cannot have you wasting time. 我们不许你浪费时间。
   
在“have(get)+ 宾语 +过去分词”的结构中,过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。
例如:
    Mary had her dress washed. 玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被洗)
    He had his legs broken. 他的腿骨折断了。(表示与主体意志无关的客观遭遇)
    I had my watch stolen yesterday. 昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)
    They had Jack beaten. 他们叫人打了杰克。(Jack 是被打)
   
(4)分词作表语时,现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义;过去分词有“被动”、“完成”、“受”、“感到…”等意义。
例如:
   The story is interesting. 这个故事很有意思。(故事使人感兴趣)
   He is interested in dancing. 他对舞蹈感兴趣。
   The news was disappointing. 这消息令人失望。
   They were all disappointed. 他们都感到失望。
   The work was tiring. 那工作累人。
   The workers soon became tired. 工人们很快就累了。
(5)谓语动词的现在进行时和作表语的现在分词形式相同;被动语态动词谓语和作表语的过去分词形式相同,但两者的意思不一样。
试比较:
   They are moving their bed. 他们正在搬床。(are moving 是谓语,表示主体的动作)
   The story is very moving. 这个故事很感人。(moving 是表语,表示主体的特征)
   Her homework was done by her sister. 她的作业是她姐姐做的。(was done 是谓语动词被动语态)
   Her homework is well done. 她的作业做得很好。(done是表语)
(6)generally speaking (一般地说),roughly speaking(粗略地说),strictly speaking (严格地说)等现在分词结构都是习惯用语,在句子中作插入语。
例如:
   Generally speaking, a footballer of 20 is better than one of 40. 一般地说,二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。
(7)分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,而独立结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不同的。
例如:
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 末班公共汽车已开走了,我们只好走路回家。
统考例题讲解(重点掌握)
1. This is a very difficult operation. It is essential that you ________ for emergency.
A. are to be prepared          B. would prepared         
C. be prepared               D. must be prepared
解析:考点为虚拟语气的用法。句中essential后接的that从句中要求用虚拟语气,形式为should + 动词原形,should可省去。C为正确答案。
2. Most insurance agents would rather you ________ anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.
A. don’t do      B. didn’t do       C. would not do         D. do
解析:would rather, would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。答案为B。
3. Her sun-tanned face suggested that she ________ in excellent health.
A. be          B. is         C. was         D. were
解析:本题主要考查suggest的用法。Suggest作“建议”讲时,其后的从句需用虚拟语气,但当作“暗示”讲的时候,其后从句需用陈述语气。题意为:她对被太阳晒黑的脸表明(暗示)她很健康。此处suggest作“暗示”,故后面从句应用陈述语气,前后时态搭配,所以正确答案为C。
4. Mary had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ________.
A. intention      B. attempt          C. purpose      D. desire
解析:intention意思是“意图、意向”;attempt意思是“试图、努力”;purpose意思是“目的、意图”,desire意思是“愿望、欲望”。题意为:玛丽为英语考试做了精心准备,以便有把握的一次通过。答案为B。
5. Latin America has a (an) ________ labor force and natural resources.
A. wealthy       B. abundant      C. scattered          D. deposited
解析: wealthy意思是“富有的、丰裕的”;abundant意为“丰富的、充裕的”;scattered意为“离散的,分散的”;available意为“可用到的,可利用的”。B符合题意要求。

练习题(重点练习)
1. Sandy could do nothing but _________ to his teacher that he was wrong.   
A. admit       B. admitted       C. admitting      D. to admit
2. England is an island country. _______ consists of three principal islands, and _______ climate is generally mild.   
A. It;its      B. She;her    C. He;his   D. She;its
3. — Take this medicine twice a day, Peter?
— Do I have to take it? It ________ so terrible.
A. is tastingB. is tasted       C. tastes   D. has tasted
4. ______ girl dressed _______ black is her sister Rose.
A. A; in   B.A; on       C. The; onD. The; in
5. ______ Tom ______ Mary can help me, for they are very busy.   
A. Both;and      B. Either;or
C. whether;or       D. Neither;nor

答案:1. A2. A3. C4. D5. D
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