福师《大学英语(2)》第二课拓展资源 记叙文 Narration 记叙文是以记人叙事为主要内容、以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。它的基本特点就是陈述过程,通常以记叙和描写为主,是叙述人们的经历或事物发展变化过程的一种表达方式。记叙文一般具有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果6个要素,其目的是回答what, who, how, when, where, why等问题。英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一人称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。叙述的线索有以下5种。 (1)以时间为线索,按时间的顺序来展开。 (2)以地点为线索,以地点的转移为顺序来展开。 (3)以事件发展的过程为线索,或以人物出现的先后次序来展开。 (4)以事物的象征意义为线索来展开。 (5)以人物的思想行为及认知的过程为线索来展开。 叙述的语言特点以一般过去时为主,其他各种时态为辅,合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态。 叙述时多用动词,特别是动态强的行为动词, 以及直接引语。写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法。 1. 记叙文的写作要求 (1)提供一定的情景或背景。 (2)提供足够数量的生动、真切的细节。 (3)理顺叙事的步骤。 (4)叙述者观察事物发展的角度必须一致。 2. 记叙文写作的注意事项 (1)主题鲜明,内容清楚。文章中的故事应有头有尾,要写出事情的发生、发展、变化及结束的过程。确切地说,在记叙时要把与一件事物有关的时间、地点、人物、原因等因素交代清楚。 (2)层次分明,有条有理。记叙时要有开头、正文及结尾。有时涉及几个人或几件事,一件事往往牵涉到相关的次要事情;有时一件大事中还包括几件小事,这就要对记叙的事情做出分析,分清主线和副线,并围绕主线安排副线。 (3)详略得当,主次适宜。记叙事情时,要注意主题鲜明突出、清楚具体,内容感人深刻。写人时,要抓住典型事例、典型行动和表现。对中心事件和最能表现中心思想的地方,要详细叙述;而对次要的东西,要少写或不写。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那些非关键的次要情节。 3.记叙文的分类 叙述文大致可分为以下3类。 1)以记人为主的记叙文 即以人物为中心组织材料,围绕这个人物可以写一件事,也可写几件事。这类记叙文应注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写及细节描写,突出重点。一般是通过人物行为、活动的几个片断或不同的侧面来写,有时也可以通过一个完整的事件来写。 Sample 1 Mark Twain(1835-1910), one of the best known American writersin the nineteenth century, was born in Missouri in the middle part of theUnited States. Mark Twain's hometown lay on thebanks of the Mississippi River, where he spent his childhood. When he grew uphe worked as a sailor on a riverboat for some time. Mark Twain was his penname. Mark Twain wrote a lot of novels, one ofwhich is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, the masterpiece which brought him fameand honor. Some of his writings have been translated into many languages. Heand his works are deeply loved by readers throughout the world. 本文为人物简介,共分三段,层层深入地把马克·吐温一生的重大事件表达得清清楚楚。文章的时态主要用过去时,最后两句与现在有关,因此用了现在完成时和一般现在时。 2)以写事为主的记叙文 即以事件为中心组织材料,主要是交代事件的发生、发展和前因、后果。这类记叙文应注意叙述顺序及事件的相对完整性,要围绕中心事件,把握好事件的开端、发展、高潮和结局。文章的着眼点在事件的过程中。 Sample 2 It was fine on April 8, 2008. Thatday all the students in our class went to the suburb of our city to planttrees. On arriving at the planting place at 8o'clock, the teacher asked each of us to plant 5 trees at least. Then we setabout digging, planting and watering. All of us were going all out to finishour task, afraid of falling behind. Among us, our monitor set a good example tous. In spite of his illness, he accepted his task and finished it ahead oftime. Then he went on to help others without a little rest. After work, he waswet all over. He looked pale, but he was full of joy. Looking at the lines ofthe young trees, we smiled pleasantly, forgetting our tiredness. 本文记叙了2008年4月8日植树的情况,因此全文用过去时。第一段交代清楚这次活动的时间、地点和参加的人员,第二段叙述了植树过程。 3)以写景状物为主的记叙文 把景和物作为主要的记叙对象,作者笔下的景物,不仅生动逼真地再现出客观的景物,还能表现一定的主题思想,表现作者自己的信念、情趣和人格。 Sample 3 Gulangyu is an island separatedfrom Xiamen city. It's like a garden on the water. The shade of the treescovers nearly the whole island. Cars, buses, bikes are not allowed to drivethere. Everyone should walk. This makes the place very quiet so that musicplayed by the piano or the violin can be heard here and there. The Sunshine Rock is the highestplace on the island, so it has become the symbol of Gulangyu. Standing at thetop of the Sunshine Rock, one can see the landscape of the whole Xiamen andother small islands. The sky and the sea meet on the horizon. It's said thatpeople can see clearly the Jinmen Island through telescope on a sunny day. At the foot of the Sunshine Rockis a beautiful garden.No.44 Bridge spans over the water like a white dragon.What a beautiful picture! Such is Gulangyu, a fairyland in the world. 本文采用先总后分的写法对鼓浪屿进行了描写。第一段总的介绍其地理位置与特点。第二、三段采取由上到下或由高向低的顺序进行描述:第二段写由该岛最高处俯瞰全城的情景;第三段写山脚下的花园美景。最后,作者用一句话总括全文:鼓浪屿是人间仙境。
福师《大学英语(2)》第二课FAQ
名词性从句(二)
Nominal Clauses (II)
1. 名词性从句在句中作主语
从句在句中作主语时,其位置与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同,即放在主句谓语动词之前。但在某些情况下,可以由it充当形式主语,而把主语从句放在主句之后。例如:
That I was right is clear. 我是对的,这很清楚。
It is quite clear that the crime was done deliberately. 很明显这次犯罪是故意的。
That Professor Wang will come is certain. 王教授要来是确定无疑的。
It's a pity that Tom can not attend the English evening. 真可惜,汤姆不能参加英语晚会。
What caused the fire is still a mystery. 是什么引起了这次火灾仍然是一个谜。
What he said is not true. 他所说的不是真的。
Who was responsible for the accident is not clear. 谁为这次事故负责还不清楚。
Who is coming to the party is unknown. 谁来参加聚会,还不知道。
Why he left so suddenly is not known to any of us. 我们都不知道他为什么这么突然地离开。
Why Tom was late remains a puzzle. 汤姆为什么迟到还是一个谜。
How the book will sell depend on its author. 书卖得怎么样取决于它的作者。
How she got the prize is still a secret. 她怎样得到的那个奖还仍然是一个秘密。
Whether she comes or not doesn't concern me. 她来不来我不关心。
Whether he'll come or not has not been decided yet. 他是否来还没有决定。
Wherever he once lived is well preserved. 他曾住过的地方都被很好地保留了下来。
Where we will meet will be decided by you. 我们什么时候见面将由你来决定。
Which team has won the game is not known. 哪个队赢了比赛,还不知道。
When we will have the discussion depends on the teacher. 我们什么时候讨论将取决于老师。
2. 名词性从句在句中作同位语
1) 同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词,如news, fact, belief, idea, suggestion, advice等词之后,以具体说明这些名词所包含的内容。同位语从句一般由连词that和whether引导。例如:
The fact that honesty is the best policy is beyond doubt. 诚实至上这个事实是不容置疑的。
They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away. 他们不得不面对这个事实,就是最近的加油站也在30英里以外。
My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered. 我最先的问题,就是他到底为什么要做那件事,还没有被回答。
Have you any idea how soon they are coming? 你知不知道他们多快能来?
I have no idea how much of a scholar he is. 我不清楚他是怎样的一个学者。
We hold this truth that all men are created equal. 我们深信“人人生而平等”这一真理。
His suggestion that we hold the meeting next week cannot be accepted. 他有关下周开会的建议不能被接受。
The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been decided. 这件事是对是错尚无定论。
2) 同位语从句和定语从句的区别如下:
① 定语从句中的关系代词that既连接先行词和从句,又指代先行词,在从句中充当成分(主语或宾语),that作宾语时可以省略;而同位语中的that是连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,不在从句中充当任何成分,一般不可以省略。
② 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句等同于先行词,是名词性的,其功能是对名词作补充说明。
③ 同位语从句的先行词应该是表示抽象概念的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是抽象概念的词,也可以是具体概念的词。
请比较:
The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting. 他提出的建议将在会上讨论。(定语从句,that在从句中作put forward的宾语)
The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting. 我们应当从国外进口更多设备这个建议将在会议上讨论。(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
She received the message that you sent for her a few days ago. 你几天前发给她的消息她收到了。(定语从句,that作sent 的宾语)
She received the message that he would come by air. 她收到了他将乘飞机来的消息。(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
3. 名词性从句在句中作介词补足成分
名词性从句在句中作介词补足成分也就是我们前面提到的充当介词的宾语。例如:
Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say. 在下楼之前我就把必须要讲的内容好好准备了。
Laura's experiences show that if someone can do their job really well, then the question of whether they are male of female is not important. 劳拉的经历说明只要一个人的工作干得真的好,那么性别问题就不重要了。
You must give it back to whomever it belongs to. 你必须物归原主。
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